Source and evidence policy

SCA brewing and espresso standards — Specialty Coffee Association (SCA)

Used for: brewing ratios, water temperature, grind, extraction

Limits: Represents one professional body's recommended standards, not a universal physical law; equipment and taste preference still vary results.

FoodData Central caffeine content entries — U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Used for: caffeine content of brewed coffee and espresso

Limits: Caffeine content varies substantially by bean, roast, dose and brew method; figures are population estimates, not measurements of any single cup.

FDA consumer guidance on caffeine — U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Used for: caffeine safety and consumption guidance

Limits: US consumer guidance (Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine is Too Much?), read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-09: the passages on 400 mg a day, symptoms of too much, children and teenagers, pregnancy, medicines, withdrawal and decaffeinated coffee. Read again on 2026-10-19 for the passages on where caffeine comes from (coffee, tea and chocolate, and products such as bars, gum, energy drinks and dietary supplements) and on labels: caffeine from a naturally caffeinated ingredient does not appear in the ingredient list. Not a substitute for medical advice.

Last checked October 2026.

Analyzing Caffeine in Selected Dietary Supplements — United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, with funding from the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements and the FDA, 2009

Used for: caffeine measured in dietary supplements, caffeine-bearing botanical ingredients, and US caffeine labelling

Limits: The agency's news release of 1 April 2009, read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-19 with the relevant sentences quoted back: there is no US requirement to state the amount of caffeine in a food, beverage or supplement; pure added caffeine must be named in the ingredients; guarana, yerba mate, kola nut and green tea extract are common caffeine-bearing ingredients; 53 supplements ranged from about zero to 800 mg per serving. The underlying study was not opened, the products were bought before 2009, and labelling rules elsewhere differ.

Last checked October 2026.

International Coffee Organization trade and production statistics — International Coffee Organization (ICO)

Used for: global coffee production, trade and market statistics

Limits: An intergovernmental trade organisation; figures reflect member-reported statistics and may lag real-time production.

Coffee: World Markets and Trade (June 2025) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2025

Used for: coffee production, exports, imports and domestic consumption by country, by marketing year

Limits: Estimates built from FAS overseas-post reports, revised in each release — the 2024/25 figures here were themselves revisions of the December 2024 estimates. Marketing years differ between countries, so country figures do not cover identical calendar periods. Countries producing small volumes are aggregated as 'Other'.

Last checked October 2026.

Published material from producer-country coffee institutions — National coffee federations, boards, exchanges and research centres (for example FNC and Cenicafé in Colombia, Anacafé in Guatemala, the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange)

Used for: institutional history, founding dates, variety releases, regional designations and marketing systems within each producing country

Limits: A grouped record, not one document. These facts were cross-checked on 2026-10-06 through web search results quoting the institutions and secondary summaries of them, not by reading each institution's primary documents in full — so it is recorded as secondary. Institutions describe their own sectors and regional designations in their own favour, and marketing rules in particular change.

Rainforest Alliance sustainable agriculture certification standard — Rainforest Alliance

Used for: sustainability and certification standards for coffee farming

Limits: One of several competing certification schemes; certification does not itself describe flavour outcome.

Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity — UNESCO

Used for: cultural heritage inscriptions, including Turkish coffee culture and tradition

Limits: Documents that a tradition was inscribed and the nomination's stated scope; does not itself catalogue every regional variation in practice.

Fairtrade International coffee standard — Fairtrade International

Used for: trade and pricing standards for coffee farming and cooperatives

Limits: One of several competing certification schemes; certification does not itself describe flavour outcome.

World Health Organization public health guidance — World Health Organization (WHO)

Used for: general public-health guidance relevant to caffeine and diet

Limits: Issues general public-health guidance, not coffee-specific or personalised medical advice; jurisdiction-specific bodies may set their own more specific limits.

NHS patient health information — National Health Service (NHS, UK)

Used for: caffeine, pregnancy, and general consumer health guidance

Limits: UK-specific guidance; figures and thresholds (e.g. pregnancy caffeine limits) may differ from other jurisdictions' health authorities.

NHS: Water, drinks and hydration — National Health Service (NHS, UK)

Used for: which drinks count towards fluid intake; caffeine in moderation; the pregnancy caffeine limit

Limits: UK guidance. Read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-09, which returned the passages on tea, coffee and caffeine; the page says nothing on children or on a diuretic effect.

NHS: Foods to avoid in pregnancy (caffeine section) — National Health Service (NHS, UK)

Used for: the 200 mg daily caffeine limit in pregnancy and the caffeine content examples the NHS gives

Limits: UK guidance; other countries set different figures. Read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-09; only the caffeine section.

NHS: Iron deficiency anaemia — National Health Service (NHS, UK)

Used for: tea, coffee, milk and dairy among the things to have less of when iron deficient

Limits: UK patient guidance for people with the condition, not a study of absorption; it gives no timing rule. Read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-09.

NHS: Insomnia — National Health Service (NHS, UK)

Used for: tea, coffee and caffeine among the things the NHS lists in its advice on insomnia

Limits: UK patient guidance, page last reviewed 19 March 2024. Read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-09, which returned the two passages naming tea, coffee and caffeine. It is advice for people with insomnia, not a study of caffeine and sleep.

Last checked October 2026.

NHS: Heartburn and acid reflux — National Health Service (NHS, UK)

Used for: coffee among the food and drink the NHS lists under causes of heartburn and acid reflux

Limits: UK patient guidance, page last reviewed 20 November 2023. Read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-09. Coffee is named once, in a list of things that can cause or worsen symptoms; the page says nothing about ulcers or bowel movement.

Last checked October 2026.

NHS: Menopause, things you can do — National Health Service (NHS, UK)

Used for: caffeine among the potential triggers of hot flushes and night sweats the NHS suggests avoiding or reducing

Limits: UK patient guidance, page last reviewed 19 May 2026. Read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-09. Caffeine is named once, with spicy food, hot drinks, smoking and alcohol; coffee is not named.

Last checked October 2026.

NHS: High blood pressure — National Health Service (NHS, UK)

Used for: the NHS's advice not to drink too much caffeine, in its guidance on high blood pressure

Limits: UK patient guidance, page last reviewed 19 July 2024. Read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-09, which returned one sentence. It gives no amount and no account of how large or lasting any rise is.

Last checked October 2026.

NHS: Breastfeeding and diet (caffeine) — National Health Service (NHS, UK)

Used for: caffeine while breastfeeding: the 200 mg a day recommendation and the NHS's statement that there is not enough information to say how much is too much

Limits: UK guidance, page last reviewed 15 May 2026. Read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-09; only the caffeine section.

Last checked October 2026.

EFSA: Caffeine (topic page summarising the 2015 Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine) — European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2015

Used for: the intakes EFSA's 2015 opinion found raise no safety concern for adults, in pregnancy and for children, and its statement on single doses and sleep

Limits: The authority's own summary of its 2015 opinion, read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-09. The opinion itself (EFSA Journal 13(5):4102) was not opened: the journal returned an access error. The figures are levels that raise no safety concern for the general healthy population, not recommendations and not limits for any individual.

Last checked October 2026.

IARC Monographs evaluate drinking coffee, maté, and very hot beverages (press release no. 244) — International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, 2016

Used for: the 2016 classification of coffee drinking (Group 3) and of very hot beverages (Group 2A), and what the working group found for particular cancers

Limits: The agency's two-page press release, read in full as a PDF on 2026-10-09. The monograph (volume 116) and the Lancet Oncology summary were not opened. The classification concerns hazard, not the size of any risk, as the release itself says.

Last checked October 2026.

CDC: Effects of mixing alcohol and caffeine — U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2024

Used for: whether caffeine reduces the effects of alcohol

Limits: US public-health page, read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-09, which returned three sentences. It concerns caffeine taken with alcohol generally, and energy drinks in particular; it gives no figures.

Last checked October 2026.

NHS: Stomach ulcer (causes and things you can do) — National Health Service (NHS, UK)

Used for: the main causes of stomach ulcers, and coffee among possible triggers of symptoms

Limits: UK patient guidance, page last reviewed 12 August 2025. Read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-09. Coffee appears in a list of things that can trigger symptoms in people who have an ulcer, not among causes.

Last checked October 2026.

Gerson Therapy (PDQ), patient version — U.S. National Cancer Institute, 2015

Used for: what coffee enemas are claimed to do in one regimen, and the harms reported

Limits: A patient summary last updated 7 January 2015, read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-09, which returned three sentences. It reports published accounts of three deaths that may be related to coffee enemas; it does not say how often harm occurs.

Last checked October 2026.

EFSA: Acrylamide (topic page summarising the 2015 scientific opinion) — European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2015

Used for: what acrylamide is, the foods it is found in including coffee, and EFSA's 2015 conclusion

Limits: The authority's own summary, read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-09; the opinion itself was not opened. It gives no amount for coffee and no advice specific to coffee drinkers.

Last checked October 2026.

Good hygiene practices to reduce cross contact of allergens for baristas — Lancaster City Council, Food and Safety team

Used for: a local food-safety authority's guidance for cafes on allergens carried between drinks by a steam wand, cloths and jugs, and its step-by-step cleaning procedure before an allergy-free drink

Limits: A two-page guidance sheet from one English local authority, read in full as extracted text on 2026-10-09. It is written for food businesses, reports the authority's own 2024 checks of 21 local businesses, and carries no publication date. It is not national guidance and says nothing about home use.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee-making machine (United States patent 726,793) — United States Patent Office; Luigi Bezzera, assignor to Desiderio Pavoni, 1903

Used for: the patent's own account of a boiler machine that prepares the coffee for a single cup separately, its filing and grant dates, its inventor and its assignee

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 through a page-fetching tool, twice by different readers: it returned the bibliographic record, quoted passages from the description and the substance of all five claims; the full specification was not read word for word and the drawings were not read. It states no pressure or temperature. It is the United States patent, not the earlier Italian one, and a patent describes a design, not how widely it was built or used.

Last checked October 2026.

Food and Agriculture Organization coffee and agricultural data — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

Used for: global agriculture, farming systems, climate impact on crops

Limits: Reports at a global/national aggregate level; local farm-level conditions vary widely within any one country.

International Labour Organization standards and reporting — International Labour Organization (ILO)

Used for: labour rights, child labour, agricultural working conditions

Limits: Sets and reports against international labour standards; enforcement and on-the-ground conditions vary by country and are not fully captured by standard-setting alone.

Intangible Cultural Heritage Inventory of Hong Kong — Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong SAR Government

Used for: locally recognised intangible cultural heritage, including food and drink practices

Limits: A territory-level inventory, not the UNESCO Representative List — inclusion records local recognition and should not be reported as a UNESCO inscription.

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/47 authorising dried coffee cherry pulp and its infusion as a traditional food from a third country — European Commission, Official Journal of the European Union, 2022

Used for: the legal status of cascara in the European Union: the species covered, permitted uses, label names, the caffeine warning threshold and the recorded history of safe use

Limits: Read in the regulation's own text on EUR-Lex through a summarising fetch. It governs sale in the European Union only and says nothing about other jurisdictions. It records where a history of safe use was demonstrated, which is a regulatory finding and not a history of the drink.

Last checked October 2026.

Costa Rica: Coffee Annual (CS2025-0010) — USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, San Jose — United States Department of Agriculture, Global Agricultural Information Network, 2025

Used for: Costa Rica's coffee area, production, growing regions, consumption, trade and policy for the 2023/24 to 2025/26 marketing years

Limits: Read in full as the published PDF. An assessment by US agricultural attachés, not an official statement of either government; forecasts for the current year are revised in later reports. Much of its detail (area by region, grower and mill counts, exports by destination) is the national coffee institute's data, reported at one remove. It gives no altitudes and no account of varieties or processing.

Last checked October 2026.

Honduras: Coffee Annual (HO2025-0002) — USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Tegucigalpa — United States Department of Agriculture, Global Agricultural Information Network, 2025

Used for: Honduras's coffee area, production, growing regions, consumption, trade and policy for the 2023/24 to 2025/26 marketing years

Limits: Read in full as the published PDF. An assessment by US agricultural attachés, not an official statement of either government; forecasts for the current year are revised in later reports. Its regional, grading and certification figures are the national coffee institute's 2023/24 statistics, reported at one remove. It describes processing hardly at all and offers no account of flavour. Its Figure 2 is titled as production and captioned as exports; the series is the institute's exports.

Last checked October 2026.

India: Coffee Annual (IN2025-0028) — USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, New Delhi — United States Department of Agriculture, Global Agricultural Information Network, 2025

Used for: India's coffee area, production, growing regions, consumption, trade and policy for the 2023/24 to 2025/26 marketing years

Limits: Read in full as the published PDF. An assessment by US agricultural attachés, not an official statement of either government; forecasts for the current year are revised in later reports. Price and area data are the Coffee Board of India's and rainfall data the national meteorological department's. It gives no altitudes and does not describe monsooning or shade systems.

Last checked October 2026.

Tanzania: Coffee Annual (TZ2025-0004) — USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Dar es Salaam — United States Department of Agriculture, Global Agricultural Information Network, 2025

Used for: Tanzania's coffee area, production, growing regions, consumption, trade and policy for the 2023/24 to 2025/26 marketing years

Limits: Read in full as the published PDF. An assessment by US agricultural attachés, not an official statement of either government; forecasts for the current year are revised in later reports. Regional and structural figures are attributed to the Tanzania Coffee Board. It gives no altitudes and describes marketing policy only in general terms. Its text gives the species split as 60.9 and 39.1 per cent, which its own Table 1 (700,000 and 650,000 bags) does not support; the table is used.

Last checked October 2026.

Uganda: Coffee Annual (UG2025-0001) — USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Nairobi — United States Department of Agriculture, Global Agricultural Information Network, 2025

Used for: Uganda's coffee area, production, growing regions, consumption, trade and policy for the 2023/24 to 2025/26 marketing years

Limits: Read in full as the published PDF. An assessment by US agricultural attachés, not an official statement of either government; forecasts for the current year are revised in later reports. A corrected edition. Price data are the former coffee authority's and the agriculture ministry's. It gives no altitudes or harvest months, and its regional description is brief. Its price chart is labelled domestic prices; the 2026 edition recharts the same series as export prices.

Last checked October 2026.

SCA water standard for brewing specialty coffee — Specialty Coffee Association

Used for: target and acceptable ranges for total dissolved solids, calcium hardness, alkalinity and pH in brewing water

Limits: The figures were confirmed from secondary reproductions of the standard, which agree with one another, and not from the association's own document. CoffeeHQ therefore gives the targets in rounded, descriptive form. The standard was written for equipment protection as well as flavour, and the association has since published more detailed water guidance.

Last checked October 2026.

SCA green coffee grading protocol and defect classification — Specialty Coffee Association

Used for: physical grading of green arabica: sample size, defect categories and the specialty-grade defect limits

Limits: The 350-gram sample and the limits of zero Category 1 and five Category 2 defects were confirmed from search results quoting the protocol. The association is revising how physical defects are assessed, so CoffeeHQ describes this as its long-used protocol. National grading systems differ and are not covered by it.

Last checked October 2026.

SCA cupping standards and the Coffee Value Assessment — Specialty Coffee Association, 2024

Used for: sample preparation and cupping mechanics, and the descriptive and affective assessments that replaced the 2004 cupping form

Limits: This record was read only as search results, including the association's announcement, and the publication date here is the month of that announcement. The three 2024 standards have since been read as documents and are registered separately; they state what they supersede but not an adoption date, so the November 2024 date rests on the announcement alone. The 100-point score belongs to the superseded form and remains in wide commercial use.

Last checked October 2026.

Food Code 2022, section 4-101.14: Copper, use limitation — United States Food and Drug Administration, 2022

Used for: the rule that copper and copper alloys may not be used in contact with food below pH 6, and the stated reason for it

Limits: The section and its public-health rationale in the annex were read from the full PDF. The code is a model for regulating food businesses, adopted state by state; it does not address household utensils or mention coffee pots. The publication date is approximate.

Last checked October 2026.

Making environmental claims on goods and services — Competition and Markets Authority (United Kingdom), 2021

Used for: what a regulator says a business must make clear when it claims carbon neutrality or relies on offsetting

Limits: United Kingdom guidance published 20 September 2021, read through a page-fetching tool; the last tenth of the page was not read. It is guidance on consumer protection law in one country and says nothing specific to coffee.

Last checked October 2026.

Directive 1999/4/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council relating to coffee extracts and chicory extracts — European Parliament and Council, 1999

Used for: the legal definitions of coffee extract, soluble and instant coffee, chicory and chicory extract, their required dry-matter contents, and the labelling terms concentrated and decaffeinated

Limits: Read in full in the text published on legislation.gov.uk, which reproduces the directive as amended. EUR-Lex returned no content to the request. It governs extracts, that is instant, paste and liquid products; it does not regulate roasted coffee, brewed drinks or blends of ground coffee and chicory.

Last checked October 2026.

Price announcement for Fairtrade Coffee — Fairtrade International, Standards and Pricing, 2026

Used for: the Fairtrade minimum prices, premium and organic differential for arabica and robusta coffee for contracts signed from 1 December 2026

Limits: The two-page announcement letter, read in full from the PDF. It gives the price table and the date from which it binds contracts. The scheme's own figures, not an assessment of what they achieve.

Last checked October 2026.

Explanatory note on Regulation (EU) 2025/2650 amending the deforestation regulation — Northern Ireland Assembly committee papers; prepared by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2026

Used for: the dates from which the European Union's deforestation regulation applies after its second postponement, and the simplifications made at the same time

Limits: A United Kingdom government note summarising the amending regulation as published in the Official Journal on 23 December 2025, read in full. It is an official summary and not the legal text, which EUR-Lex did not serve. Its own date is not printed; January 2026 is approximate. The dates have moved twice and a further review was required in 2026.

Last checked October 2026.

Compliance with respect to coffee-chicory mixtures — Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, Regulatory Compliance Division, 2021

Used for: the minimum coffee content of a coffee and chicory mixture in India and the requirement to declare the percentage of each on the label

Limits: A one-page direction to food-safety officials, read in full. It restates the regulation's requirement; the regulation's own text was not opened.

Last checked October 2026.

Wisconsin Food Code fact sheet: cold brew coffee — Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection, Division of Food and Recreational Safety, 2023

Used for: how a state food regulator classifies cold brew coffee, the temperature and date-marking it requires of retail food businesses, and the limit on kegged cold brew

Limits: A one-page fact sheet, read in full. It applies to retail food establishments in one state and says so; it is not guidance for households and other jurisdictions may differ.

Last checked October 2026.

Fairtrade increases coffee minimum price as farmers face mounting economic and climate pressures — Fairtrade International, 2023

Used for: the Fairtrade minimum prices for washed arabica and natural robusta and the organic differential, effective for contracts from 1 August 2023

Limits: Fairtrade's own announcement, read through a page-fetching tool with the figures quoted back. Prices are revised periodically and a further update announced for 2026 was not read; the current figures are in Fairtrade's price table. The scheme's own account of itself, not an independent assessment.

Last checked October 2026.

Race to the top: our new approach to shared responsibility — Rainforest Alliance

Used for: the payments buyers of Rainforest Alliance certified crops make to producers, and how the amount is set

Limits: The organisation's own knowledge-base page and its page on what the seal means, read through a page-fetching tool. They establish that buyers make payments above the market price, that the amount is negotiated, and that the scheme has since renamed these payments. The standard document itself was not opened.

Last checked October 2026.

Regulation (EU) 2018/848 on organic production and labelling of organic products — European Parliament and Council, 2018

Used for: the general principles of organic production in European law, including the restriction of external inputs and the exclusion of genetically modified organisms

Limits: Read by passage in the text published on legislation.gov.uk: the general principles only. Other jurisdictions define organic in their own law.

Last checked October 2026.

Regulation on deforestation-free products — European Commission, Directorate-General for Environment

Used for: which commodities the European Union's deforestation regulation covers, what operators must show, and the dates from which it applies

Limits: The Commission's overview page, read through a page-fetching tool on 8 October 2026. The regulation's own text returned no content from EUR-Lex and was not read. The application dates have been postponed before and may change again.

Last checked October 2026.

Green coffee bean manufacturer settles FTC charges of pushing its product based on results of a seriously flawed weight loss study — United States Federal Trade Commission, 2014

Used for: the regulator's allegations about a trial used to market a green coffee ingredient, and the settlement

Limits: The Commission's press release, read through a page-fetching tool with the relevant sentences quoted back. These are allegations resolved by settlement, and CoffeeHQ reports them as allegations.

Last checked October 2026.

Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 113 and 114: thermally processed low-acid foods packaged in hermetically sealed containers; acidified foods — United States Food and Drug Administration

Used for: the United States definitions of low-acid food, acid food, acidified food, aseptic processing and hermetically sealed container

Limits: The definitions sections, 113.3 and 114.3, read in the electronic Code of Federal Regulations as current on 6 October 2026. The regulations do not mention coffee; applying the definitions to a coffee drink is CoffeeHQ's reading, and how the agency classifies any particular product was not checked.

Last checked October 2026.

Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 on the provision of food information to consumers, Annex III — European Parliament and Council, 2011

Used for: the European high-caffeine labelling statement and the exemption for drinks based on coffee or tea

Limits: Annex III point 4 read in the text published on legislation.gov.uk. It concerns the warning statement only.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee: World Markets and Trade (July 2026) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2026

Used for: coffee production by species, exports, imports, domestic consumption and stocks by country, with a feature on Brazil's two-year arabica cycle

Limits: Read in full: ten pages of text and summary tables. Estimates built from overseas-post reports and revised in every release; 2026/27 is a forecast published in July 2026, before the marketing year begins for most countries; it is a forecast for that marketing year. The URL always serves the current circular, so it will show a later edition after December 2026. CoffeeHQ uses it for every country figure on the origin pages (src/lib/atlas/usda-coffee-2026-07.ts) and for the account of why Brazilian output swings.

Last checked October 2026.

Brazil: Coffee Annual (BR2025-0013) — USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Brasilia — United States Department of Agriculture, Global Agricultural Information Network, 2025

Used for: Brazil's coffee production by state and species, harvest timing, weather, prices, domestic consumption, exports by destination and type, stocks and policy

Limits: Read in full as the published PDF, nineteen pages. An assessment by US agricultural attachés, not an official statement of either government; its national totals have since been revised by the July 2026 circular, and it says itself that the Brazilian agencies CONAB and IBGE publish lower figures by different methods. Its consumption table reproduces the Brazilian Coffee Industry Association's series, whose method changed in 2018. It gives no altitudes and does not describe processing or varieties.

Last checked October 2026.

Relatório de acompanhamento mensal da safra de café, edição nº 36 (4º levantamento, dezembro de 2025) — Federação da Agricultura e Pecuária do Estado de São Paulo (FAESP), from Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (CONAB) data, 2025

Used for: Brazil's coffee area in production and in formation, production and yield for arabica and conilon in the 2025 crop, with detail for São Paulo state

Limits: A six-page digest of the Brazilian government supply agency's fourth survey, prepared by a state farm federation; read in full. CONAB's own bulletin, which carries the state-by-state tables, could not be downloaded and was not read. CoffeeHQ takes only the national area, production and yield rows from it. CONAB's production figures are consistently lower than the USDA's and the two are never combined.

Last checked October 2026.

Instrução Normativa nº 8, de 11 de junho de 2003: Regulamento Técnico de Identidade e de Qualidade para a Classificação do Café Beneficiado Grão Cru — Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (Brazil), 2003

Used for: the official Brazilian classification of green coffee: by bean shape and screen size, by cup, by colour and by defect count

Limits: The regulation's definitions, classes, moisture ceiling, cup categories and all three defect tables were read, most recently on 2026-10-08, in a copy hosted by a Paraná state research institute; the sampling and laboratory-procedure sections were skimmed. A revision that would add specialty coffee as an official category was reported as proposed in 2026 and was not read, so this may no longer be the text in force.

Last checked October 2026.

Fichas técnicas de registro de Indicação Geográfica: Alta Mogiana (IG200703), Mantiqueira de Minas (IG200704), Espírito Santo (BR402020000002-7) — Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI), Brazil

Used for: what three registered Brazilian coffee geographical indications legally cover: the municipalities, the species, the permitted processing and the quality conditions

Limits: Three registration sheets read in full as published by the registering authority. Each records what the producers' association applied for and was granted; the 'relationship with the area' passages are the applicant's own description and are promotional in places. The sheet for the Cerrado Mineiro could not be downloaded. The fuller technical specifications they link to were not read.

Last checked October 2026.

Região do Cerrado Mineiro: a região; Denominação de Origem — Federação dos Cafeicultores do Cerrado

Used for: the conditions a coffee must meet to carry the Cerrado Mineiro denomination, and the federation's own description of the region's size

Limits: Two pages of the managing federation's website, read through a fetch tool that quoted the Portuguese back. Primary for the denomination's rules, which the federation sets and certifies. Its headline figures for producers, area and output are undated promotional totals and are not reproduced on CoffeeHQ.

Last checked October 2026.

Pesquisa aponta que 25% dos produtores de café realizam colheita mecanizada e 23% com derriçadora acoplada ao corpo — Confederação da Agricultura e Pecuária do Brasil and CaféPoint, reported by Embrapa Café, 2020

Used for: how a sample of Brazilian coffee farmers said they harvested in 2019

Limits: A survey of 296 farmers who attended a trade event, 69 per cent of them from Minas Gerais, read as a news report through a fetch tool. It counts farmers, not hectares or bags, so it says nothing about what share of the crop is machine-harvested, and it is not a representative sample. CoffeeHQ uses it only to show that hand stripping, hand-held machines and harvesters coexist.

Last checked October 2026.

Regulamento de Uso: Denominação de Origem Mantiqueira de Minas — Associação dos Produtores de Café da Mantiqueira (APROCAM), as filed with the Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI), Brazil

Used for: the rules of use of the Mantiqueira de Minas denomination of origin: the delimited municipalities and the altitude span of the territory, the species, the permitted processing methods and the physical and cupping minimums

Limits: A scanned document with no text layer, read as page images. Chapters I to V (object and area, species, production and harvest, classification, use of the name) were read; chapters VI to XII, on packaging, roasted coffee, the regulating council and penalties, were not. The chapters read contain no minimum altitude, and describe the territory as lying between 812 and 2,252 metres, which conflicts with the 1,400-metre minimum stated in the register's summary sheet for the same denomination.

Last checked October 2026.

FAOSTAT: Crops and livestock products — Coffee, green (production, 2024) — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2025

Used for: green coffee production by country and year, with a flag on every value saying whether it is an official figure, an estimate or an imputed value

Limits: Read from the bulk download dated 23 December 2025, filtered to green coffee. Only values flagged as official figures reported by the country are used, and only as evidence that a country reports producing coffee: the estimated and imputed values include several that are implausible, and none of the figures is drawn in a chart or mixed with the USDA estimates, which use marketing years and different methods.

Last checked October 2026.

Vietnam: Coffee Annual (VM2026-0016) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2026

Used for: Vietnam's coffee production by species, robusta area and yield, replanting, input use and irrigation, certification, domestic consumption, exports by form and destination, imports, prices and stocks

Limits: Read in full: ten pages. The attaché's own estimates and forecasts, which the July 2026 circular adopted; statements attributed to the ministry, the research institute, the industry association and 'local farmers' are the report's account of what it was told. It gives no production or area by province.

Last checked October 2026.

Vietnam: Coffee Annual (VM2025-0018) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2025

Used for: the Central Highlands' share of Vietnam's coffee area and output, seedling supply, the specialty coffee plan, the share of exports going to the European Union, and the café trade

Limits: The production and consumption sections and the start of the trade section were read; the rest of the trade section, prices and stocks were not. Superseded for figures by the 2026 report; used for statements the later report does not repeat. Its count of more than 500,000 coffee shops is given without a source.

Last checked October 2026.

Country Coffee Profile: Vietnam (ICC-124-9) — Vietnam Coffee and Cocoa Association (VICOFA), published by the International Coffee Organization, 2019

Used for: the history of coffee in Vietnam, growing areas by province, species and varieties, production systems, harvesting and processing, exports, the organisations in the sector and the difficulties it faces

Limits: Read in full: 27 pages. Written by the industry association with the Organization's secretariat, so it is the sector's account of itself; it is nonetheless frank about strip-picking, groundwater and ageing trees. Its figures are for 2017 or earlier and several are marked as estimates. It contains internal inconsistencies (its text and its own table give different outputs for 2016), so CoffeeHQ uses only figures that appear once or agree. Its date for coffee's arrival, 1857, differs from Ukers's 1887.

Last checked October 2026.

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Coffee Sector Report (Report No. 29358-VN) — The World Bank, Agriculture and Rural Development Department, 2004

Used for: how Vietnam's coffee expansion was financed and by whom, state and private ownership, migration into the Central Highlands, land rights of ethnic minorities, deforestation, poverty among coffee growers and the effects of the price collapse around 2000

Limits: A 94-page report, read by passage: the executive summary's sections on the crisis and the environment, the account of the expansion, and the sections on migration, land and poverty. Its findings are two decades old and describe the situation in 2002 to 2003. One population figure it gives for Đắk Lắk in 1975 looks like a misprint and is not used.

Last checked October 2026.

Colombia: Coffee Annual (CO2026-0008) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2026

Used for: Colombia's coffee production, the effect of rain and of El Niño, pests and diseases, new varieties, costs and labour, the two harvests, the age and type of plantings, domestic consumption, exports and imports, stocks, and the federation's legal position and funds

Limits: Read in full: twelve pages. Most of its figures on planting, costs, rust and certification are the growers' federation's or its research centre's, reported by the attaché and not checked here against the federation's own publications, which did not open. Its regional harvest map is an image and was read only through the text that describes it. The dates it gives for the European Union's deforestation regulation are out of date and are not used. The 2025 edition (CO2025-0014) was consulted for comparison and adds nothing used here.

Last checked October 2026.

Quiénes somos, and the federation's page on Cenicafé — Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia

Used for: the year Colombian coffee growers formed the federation (1927) and the year the federation created its research centre, Cenicafé, at Chinchiná in Caldas (1938)

Limits: An organisation's account of its own founding, read in Spanish for two dates only. The 1938 date was read in the summary of a page on the federation's site, shown in its own search results; the page itself was not opened. The federation's statistical and history pages were not read.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia (World Heritage List, no. 1121) — UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 2011

Used for: the six component landscapes and eighteen urban centres of the listed property, its area, the small-farm system it protects, its settlement by families from Antioquia and its building tradition

Limits: Read from UNESCO's open data record for the property, which carries the description, the area, the components and the opening of the statement of outstanding universal value; the web page itself refused the request and the full statement, the nomination file and the advisory body's evaluation were not read. The statement gives a slope figure that is internally inconsistent, which is not used. The year is the date of inscription; the record gives no day.

Last checked October 2026.

Indonesia: Coffee Annual (ID2026-0021) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2026

Used for: Indonesia's coffee area and where each species is grown, production by species, harvest timing in southern Sumatra and Aceh, the floods of November 2025, inputs and yields, domestic consumption, exports and imports by form and partner, prices and stocks

Limits: Read in full: seven pages of text and tables. The attaché's own estimates and forecasts. Regional shares are given as rounded statements in prose (about 60 per cent of area in Sumatra, roughly 80 to 90 per cent of robusta from three southern provinces), not as a table, and nothing is given by province. Its six-season production table differs from the July 2026 circular for 2021/22 and 2022/23; CoffeeHQ charts the circular. It says nothing about how either species is processed.

Last checked October 2026.

Storage of wet Arabica parchment prior to wet hulling, including the storage of dry green bean coffee: 'Origins of Mandheling Coffee Character' (Annex E.6) — Anthony Marsh — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Used for: the wet-hulling process of North Sumatra and Aceh step by step with moisture contents, the modified huller, how wet parchment and semi-dry beans are traded and stored, a blind-tasted trial of seven processing treatments on six sources, mould and ochratoxin A findings, and the trade names of northern Sumatran arabica

Limits: A consultant's study completed under the project 'Enhancement of Coffee Quality through the Prevention of Mould Formation' (GCP/INT/743/CFC), run by the FAO for the Common Fund for Commodities and the International Coffee Organization. The document is undated; the file was created in March 2006. The summary, background, methodology and the rationale of the protocol were read in full; the detailed results tables and annexes were not. One trial in one season, with four tasters who disagreed among themselves, and the study did not control variety, growing conditions or farm management. It gives the hulling moisture as 35 to 45 per cent in its description and 40 to 50 per cent in its protocol. It does not say why wet hulling developed. Its account of how the Mandheling name arose is hedged in the original and is not repeated by CoffeeHQ.

Last checked October 2026.

Geographical Indications in Indonesia: Overcoming Challenges, Showcasing Excellence — Hermansyah Siregar — Directorate General of Intellectual Property, Ministry of Law of the Republic of Indonesia, 2025

Used for: the legal basis and definition of a geographical indication in Indonesia, who may apply, the first registration (Kopi Arabika Kintamani Bali, 2008), the number registered by 2024, the names also registered in the European Union, and cases of unauthorised use of Gayo and Toraja coffee names abroad

Limits: A slide presentation by the director responsible for the register, given at a regional seminar in 2025 and hosted by a European Union cooperation project; read in full as extracted text. It is a summary, not the register: it does not list the registered coffees, their specifications, boundaries or any altitude rule, and CoffeeHQ has not opened the register or any coffee's book of requirements. The day and month of the seminar are not given.

Last checked October 2026.

Ethiopia: Coffee Annual (ET2026-0005) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2026

Used for: Ethiopia's coffee area, production and yield, production by regional state, smallholders and commercial farms, old trees and stumping, improved varieties, the 2025/26 season, the shift from washed to natural processing, domestic consumption and the dual market, exports by destination and by month, trade regulation and the commodity exchange, minimum export prices, stocks and recent directives

Limits: Read in full: twenty-one pages. The attaché's own estimates and forecasts for area, production, consumption and exports. Much of the rest is attributed: regional shares, farmer numbers and stumping rates to the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority; tree age and season reports to unnamed industry sources; variety counts and hybrid yields to the national research institute; a climate-suitability projection to a bank's study that CoffeeHQ has not read; destinations to a commercial trade database whose totals differ slightly from the USDA series. It names coffee areas without defining them and gives no altitude, and it describes the grading and exchange rules in summary only.

Last checked October 2026.

Peru: Coffee Annual (PE2026-0008) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2026

Used for: Peru's coffee area, trees and yields, the regions that grow most of the crop, harvest timing, varieties, farm size, processing, credit and cooperatives, rust and borer, domestic consumption, exports by form and destination, organic certification and coffee policy

Limits: Read in full: nine pages of text and one table. The attaché's own estimates and forecasts. Regional and variety shares are rounded statements in prose that the report does not date or attribute. The report names its export-destination season inconsistently: the text says marketing year 2024/25, the highlights say 2026 and the figure is titled 2026. Its statement that Peru is the world's leading exporter of organic coffee is the report's own and is not sourced in it.

Last checked October 2026.

Mexico: Coffee Annual (MX2026-0026) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2026

Used for: Mexico's coffee area, production by species, the main producing states, robusta expansion and the soluble industry, replanting after leaf rust, domestic consumption and how coffee is sold, trade in green and soluble coffee, and federal support programmes

Limits: Read in full: eight pages of text and one table. The attaché's own estimates and forecasts. It gives no production figure by state, only that Chiapas, Veracruz and Puebla together are more than 80 per cent, and no harvest months. Its trade charts are images whose values were not read. Statements attributed to industry contacts are reported as such.

Last checked October 2026.

ICC Resolution Number 420: Coffee Quality-Improvement Programme – Modifications — International Coffee Organization, International Coffee Council, 2004

Used for: the organisation's voluntary target standards for exported coffee: a defect ceiling per 300 grams for arabica and robusta, a moisture band measured by a named method, the exception for speciality coffees that traditionally have a high moisture content, and the marks used on certificates of origin

Limits: Read in full; it is three pages. The programme is voluntary and the resolution describes targets for a certificate mark, not a legal minimum. CoffeeHQ has not checked whether members still apply it.

Last checked October 2026.

The Coffee Guide, fourth edition (2021) — International Trade Centre, 2021

Used for: the trade's own handbook: how green coffee is assessed and classified, examples of national grade descriptions, screen sizes, defects, storage, how quality is specified by description and by sample, and shipping in containers with the risk of condensation

Limits: A handbook compiled from trade sources, not a standard. Read by passage from an archived copy of the published file, because the publisher's site refused the request: the quality-assessment, classification, storage and green-assessment parts of chapter 5, and the passages on samples and on containers in chapter 7. Its national grade descriptions are examples of commercial usage and are reported as its descriptions, not as each country's rule. For the trade, price and certification guides it was read again by passage: the value-chain passage of chapter 1; in chapter 2, living income, price volatility, the comparison of farm-gate and free-on-board prices and the descriptions of each sustainability standard; in chapter 3, the kinds of price, auctions and direct trade; in chapter 6, hedging, the two exchange contracts, differentials and price-to-be-fixed trading; in chapter 7, contracts, samples, shipping terms, weights and payment; in chapter 8, the kinds of risk and who finances whom. Its table comparing farm-gate and free-on-board prices did not survive text extraction and is not used; its exchange differentials are those of 2021.

Last checked October 2026.

Guidelines for the Prevention of Mould Formation in Coffee: definitions, handling and local trading, and international transportation — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Used for: definitions of green coffee, parchment coffee, curing and defects; how dried coffee gains and loses water in store; moisture meters and their limits; warehouse practice; defects and ochratoxin A; and what happens to coffee in a shipping container

Limits: The definitions section, the passage relating water activity to moisture content in section 4.4, and sections 4.5 and 4.6 were read in full. Its figures are limits for safety against mould, not statements about flavour. The document is undated in the copy read.

Last checked October 2026.

Arabica Coffee Manual for Lao PDR, Annex 7: Green Coffee Classification and Grading — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Used for: an account of three ways of classifying green coffee as they stood when the manual was written: the American specialty association's grades, the Brazil and New York defect count, and a size-and-defect commercial system

Limits: Read in full; it is one annex. It is a second-hand account that names a website as its own source, and it describes the specialty association's classification on a 300-gram sample, which is not the sample size usually quoted for it today. Used only to show what such a classification counts, never as the association's current standard. The association's own protocol of 2009, which is registered separately, uses 350 grams.

Last checked October 2026.

SCAA Protocols: Grading Green Coffee (version of 21 November 2009) — Specialty Coffee Association of America, 2009

Used for: how the American specialty association graded green arabica in 2009: the sample weight, the two categories of defect, the limits for specialty grade, how single faults convert to full defects, and the colour and odour requirements

Limits: Read in full, two pages, from a copy kept by a web archive; the association's own pages returned an error. It is the 2009 text of a body that has since merged into the Specialty Coffee Association, and whether the present association still uses it was not checked. It refers to a defect handbook of 2004, which was not read, for what each defect looks like.

Last checked October 2026.

Rules on Statistics: Indicator Prices (ICC 105-17 Rev. 1) — International Coffee Organization, 2021

Used for: how the organisation collects prices for its four groups of coffee, and which named growths it prices in each: Colombian Mild Arabicas, Other Mild Arabicas, Brazilian and Other Natural Arabicas, and Robustas

Limits: Read for the tables of growths priced in each group and the group weights; the calculation procedures were skimmed. It names the growths whose prices are collected, such as Honduras High Grown and Costa Rica Hard Bean among the Other Mild Arabicas, and does not list every country in a group or say how any coffee is processed. That the mild groups are washed coffees is the trade's understanding and is not stated in the document.

Last checked October 2026.

Fairtrade Standard for Coffee, version 15.07.2021 v2.12 — Fairtrade International, 2021

Used for: the coffee-specific rules a certified producer organisation and its buyers must meet: who may be certified, how contracts are priced and fixed, how the Fairtrade price is built from the market price or the minimum, the premium and its earmark, payment terms, pre-finance and the newer deforestation requirements

Limits: The certifier's own standard, downloaded as a PDF and read as extracted text. Read in full: the introduction, requirement 1.1.1, the contract requirements 2.2.1 and 2.2.2, the deforestation requirement 3.1.2 and all of chapter 4 on prices, the premium, payment and pre-finance. The other requirements were read as headings only. It must be read with two general standards, for small producer organisations and for traders, which were not opened. It states rules; it is not evidence of what happens on a farm.

Last checked October 2026.

2020 Sustainable Agriculture Standard: Farm Requirements, version 1.1 — Rainforest Alliance, 2021

Used for: the farm-level requirements of the certifier's 2020 standard: how requirements are classed, mass balance, the sustainability differential and sustainability investments, the living wage assessment, the 2014 cut-off for converting natural ecosystems and the natural vegetation cover thresholds

Limits: The certifier's own standard, downloaded as a PDF and read as extracted text by passage: the explanation of core, improvement and smart-meter requirements, sections 2.3, 3.2, 5.4.1 to 5.4.2, 6.1.1 to 6.1.2 and 6.2.4 to 6.2.5. The remaining chapters, the annexes and the separate supply-chain requirements were not read. This is version 1.1; the organisation has published later versions, which were not opened, so every requirement is reported as that version's.

Last checked October 2026.

Application of the Deforestation Regulation delayed another year — Finnish Customs (Tulli)

Used for: a customs authority's notice that application of the European Union's deforestation regulation was postponed by twelve months, with the dates for larger and for micro and small businesses

Limits: A national authority's notice, read in full. It agrees with the European Commission's own page on both dates. Neither is the regulation's text, which could not be opened on the official journal's site.

Last checked October 2026.

Amendments to the deforestation regulation (EUDR) — Agencia Tributaria (Spanish Tax Agency), Customs, 2025

Used for: a national tax and customs authority's notice quoting the application dates in Regulation (EU) 2025/2650 of 19 December 2025, which amends the European Union's deforestation regulation

Limits: A national authority's notice, read through a page-fetching tool that returned its quotations of the amending regulation. It agrees with the European Commission's page. It is not the regulation's text, which the official journal's site would not serve.

Last checked October 2026.

Sustainable Agriculture Standard version 1.4: the certifier's account of the changes, and its premium, traceability, environment and social annexes — Rainforest Alliance, 2025

Used for: what changed between versions 1.3 and 1.4 of the certifier's farm standard, the merging of its two buyer payments into one premium, the rules for paying and distributing that premium, which crops may use mass balance, the 2014 conversion cut-off and the living wage assessment

Limits: Read as text from the certifier's documentation site: two explanatory articles in full (what is changing, and the new approach to shared responsibility), a third for its dates, and the premium, traceability, environment and social annexes by passage. The farm requirements file for version 1.4 returned an error and was not read, so nothing here is a requirement's own wording. The articles are the certifier describing its own changes.

Last checked October 2026.

Fairtrade Trader Standard, version 3.0 — Fairtrade International, 2026

Used for: the general standard for companies trading Fairtrade products; used here for one requirement, on pre-financing contracts at a producer's request

Limits: The certifier's own standard, downloaded as a PDF of 52 pages. Only section 5.4 on access to finance and the page setting out when new requirements apply were read. The rest of the standard was not read.

Last checked October 2026.

Norms for Production, Processing and Marketing of Bird Friendly Coffee — Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center

Used for: the criteria for the certification of shade-grown organic coffee: canopy cover, canopy height and layers, the mix of shade tree species, soil cover and buffer strips

Limits: The programme's own norms, a nine-page PDF read in full as extracted text. The document carries no date or version in its text; the file was created in 2019. Whether it is the criteria in force today was not confirmed, because the programme's current criteria page shows them only as images.

Last checked October 2026.

4C Code of Conduct, version 2.3 — 4C Services, 2018

Used for: the structure of the 4C code: its 27 principles, ten unacceptable practices and the red, yellow and green scoring that decides whether a group of producers is certified

Limits: An earlier version of the code, from a copy hosted by a national coffee association; read by passage, the introduction and the account of how compliance is scored. The scheme's own site returned an error for its current documents, so nothing here describes the code in force today.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee Act, No. 8 of 2026 (Laws of Kenya) — National Council for Law Reporting (Kenya Law), 2026

Used for: the text of Kenya's Coffee Act: the Coffee Board of Kenya, the Coffee Research and Training Institute, county licensing of pulping stations, mills, roasters and warehouses, coffee exchanges and the direct settlement system, and the transfer of functions from the Agriculture and Food Authority and the national agricultural research organisation

Limits: Read as the official law reports publish it, by searching the text for each provision relied on: the long title and dates, the establishment of the Board and the Institute, the licensing section, the exchange and settlement provisions and the transitional transfers. The Act was not read through, and regulations made under it were not read.

Last checked October 2026.

Kenya: Coffee Annual (KE2026-0011) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2026

Used for: Kenya's coffee area, trees and production, the planting programme and the loss of coffee land to housing, how coffee is sold through co-operatives and the Nairobi Coffee Exchange, auction prices, the Coffee Act of 2026, consumption, and exports by destination and by month

Limits: Read in full: eight pages of text and three tables. The attaché's own estimates and forecasts. Its four figures, including the map of growing areas and the charts of monthly auction sales and exports, are images and were not read. It says nothing about varieties, harvest months, processing or grades. The destination table is in tonnes from a commercial trade database and prints shares without a total. Its summary of the Coffee Act of 2026 is the only account of the Act that was read.

Last checked October 2026.

Guatemala: Coffee Annual (GT2026-0003) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2026

Used for: Guatemala's coffee area, trees, varieties and production, grower classes, the classing of the harvest, leaf rust and a new borer, the national association's programmes, consumption, imports of soluble coffee, exports by destination, reference prices and coffee policy

Limits: Read in full: the text and three tables. The attaché's own estimates and forecasts, most of them resting on figures from the national coffee association. Its text calls arabica production of 3.13 million bags 'production', while its table's total, with robusta, is 3.26 million; it gives export forecasts of 2.88 and 3.2 million bags, the first for green beans and the second for all forms. The output thresholds it prints for small, medium and large growers contradict each other and are not used. It names no producing department or region and no harvest months. Its chart of monthly rust incidence is an image and was not read.

Last checked October 2026.

Estrategia de Microregionalización 'A Rainbow of Choices', and the Antigua Coffee regional profile — Asociación Nacional del Café (Anacafé), Guatemala, 2020

Used for: the national association's own account of when and why it created eight regional names for Guatemalan coffee, the microregions it began to add in 2020, and its description of the Antigua region

Limits: Two pages read as downloaded text: the association's news article of 20 November 2020, in Spanish, and the Antigua Coffee page of its Guatemalan Coffees site, in English. Both are promotional. They are evidence of what the association says and how it markets the regions, not of any measured difference between them. The Antigua page's climate and altitude figures are shown with icons in place of units and are not used. The other seven regional pages, the association's statistical yearbook and its history pages were not read.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee Act, No. 8 of 2026 (Kenya): legislation record — InforMEA, the United Nations information portal on multilateral environmental agreements, reproducing the FAOLEX record, 2026

Used for: the title, number and date of Kenya's Coffee Act of 2026 and a summary of what it provides for: the Coffee Board, a coffee research and training institute, and the roles of the national and county governments

Limits: A database record summarising the Act, read through a page-fetching tool that returned the record's fields; the Act itself was not opened, and neither was the Kenya Gazette. Used only for the Act's number, the date of its text and the summary of what it establishes. The record does not mention the Nairobi Coffee Exchange, the settlement system or the licensing of millers, which rest on the USDA attaché's account alone.

Last checked October 2026.

Nicaragua: Coffee Annual (NU2026-0003) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2026

Used for: Nicaragua's coffee area and growers, where arabica and robusta are grown, farm sizes from the 2011 census, production and yields, varieties, replanting since the rust outbreak, labour and migration, the coffee laws and export levy, consumption, and exports by destination from the central bank

Limits: Read in full: eight pages of text and two tables. The attaché's own estimates and forecasts. Farm-size shares are from the 2011 agricultural census, which the report calls the most recent available. The export table is credited to the Nicaraguan Central Bank; its 2022/23 column adds up to one bag less than the total printed. The report gives no harvest months. Its map is credited to a commercial website and was not used. Several statements are attributed to industry contacts or to unnamed independent analysts and are reported as such.

Last checked October 2026.

El Salvador: Coffee Annual (ES2026-0004) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2026

Used for: El Salvador's coffee area, production and yield, who grows it by farm size, seedlings and varieties the government distributes, labour, consumption and the soluble coffee it imports, exports by destination, stocks, the debt trust and government programmes

Limits: Read in full: the text, two trade tables and the supply table, as extracted text. The attaché's own estimates and forecasts for a marketing year still running when it was written. Its four charts are images; the jobs chart's data labels and the destination shares came through as text, the farm-size chart's bars did not. The export table's rows add up to 185 bags more than its printed total. One conversion in the text (100,000 quintals as about 45,000 tons) does not hold and is not used. Names no harvest months, no processing method and no growing department.

Last checked October 2026.

Cooking fire safety — U.S. Fire Administration (FEMA)

Used for: home cooking fires in the United States: that unattended equipment is the leading factor in those that spread, and the agency's advice to stay with what is being heated

Limits: A short outreach page, read in full. Its figures are for 2021 and for cooking, not coffee roasting: 37 per cent is the share of nonconfined home cooking fires in which unattended equipment was the leading factor contributing to ignition. It says nothing about coffee roasters and is cited only for the general point about leaving a heating appliance unattended.

Last checked October 2026.

Guidelines for the Prevention of Mould Formation in Coffee — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Used for: wet and dry processing as generic systems, the purpose of fermentation, drying practice, water activity and moisture limits, and mould and ochratoxin A risk through processing

Limits: Undated in the copy read; it summarises a multi-country project of the early 2000s and refers to supporting studies that were not opened. Sections 1 to 4.4 were read in full as extracted text; storage and transport were not. Written to prevent mould, not to describe flavour, and it says itself that claims linking processing steps to quality are usually not supported by objective comparison.

Last checked October 2026.

Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Ochratoxin A Contamination in Coffee (CAC/RCP 69-2009) — Codex Alimentarius Commission (FAO/WHO), 2009

Used for: the internationally agreed code of practice for coffee processing, drying and storage as it bears on ochratoxin A, including the 12.5 per cent moisture figure

Limits: Read by passage: the statements on moisture content, water activity, fermentation time and rewetting were located and read in context; the code was not read end to end. A code of practice for food safety, not a quality standard.

Last checked October 2026.

Hardness in Drinking-water: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality — World Health Organization, WHO/HSE/WSH/10.01/10/Rev/1, 2011

Used for: what water hardness is, how it is expressed and classified, and its relation to scaling and corrosion

Limits: Read as extracted text: section 1 (identity, sources, taste threshold) and section 4.1 to 4.2 (taste acceptability, corrosion and scaling); the health sections were not read and nothing is drawn from them. It concerns drinking-water supplies and household plumbing, not coffee or coffee machines. Its soft-to-very-hard bands are attributed in the document to a 2000 source.

Last checked October 2026.

Chloramines in Drinking Water — United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2026

Used for: what chloramines are and why water utilities use them

Limits: Read through a page-fetching tool with the relevant sentences quoted back. It supports two statements only: that chloramines are disinfectants most commonly formed when ammonia is added to chlorine, and that utilities use them because they last longer in the pipes. The page says nothing about taste or about removing them, and CoffeeHQ does not cite it for either.

Last checked October 2026.

SCA Standard 102-2024. Coffee Value Assessment: Sample Preparation and Tasting Mechanics — Specialty Coffee Association, 2024

Used for: how a green coffee sample is roasted, weighed, ground, brewed and tasted for cupping: vessel, dose, grind, water, steps and number of cups

Limits: Read in full as extracted text from the PDF the association links from its Coffee Value Assessment page (12 pages). Written for assessing green arabica by trade tasters; it says quick quality-control cupping is outside its scope. Its tables and form images were read as text, not seen.

Last checked October 2026.

SCA Standard 103-2024. Coffee Value Assessment: Descriptive Assessment — Specialty Coffee Association, 2024

Used for: how a taster records what a coffee is like: intensity scales, check-all-that-apply descriptors, and the taste and mouthfeel reference examples

Limits: Sections 1 to 6 read as extracted text from the PDF linked from the association's page; the appendix of olfactory examples was not read. The form is laid out as an image and reached the reader as jumbled text.

Last checked October 2026.

SCA Standard 104-2024. Coffee Value Assessment: Affective Assessment — Specialty Coffee Association, 2024

Used for: how a taster records an impression of quality: the nine-point scale, uniformity, sensory defects and the cupping score

Limits: Read as extracted text from the PDF linked from the association's page (11 pages). The score equation is an image and was not legible; the score table in the appendix was. It states that statistical analysis and taster training are outside its scope.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee Value Assessment (web page) — Specialty Coffee Association

Used for: the association's own summary of its four-part assessment system and the standards that define each part

Limits: The association's summary page, read in full. It describes the system in promotional terms; the standards themselves are the evidence.

Last checked October 2026.

SCAA Protocols: Cupping Specialty Coffee (revised 16 December 2015) — Specialty Coffee Association of America, 2015

Used for: the earlier cupping protocol and its hundred-point form: equipment, ratio, grind, water, timings, the ten scored attributes and the score classes

Limits: Read in full from a web-archive copy (10 pages). Superseded: the 2024 standards say they replace the cupping protocol of 2004 and its later editions. Cited as the historical protocol, not as the present standard.

Last checked October 2026.

Food Code 2022, sections 3-501.16, 3-501.19 and 4-602.11: temperature control, time as a public health control, and cleaning frequency — United States Food and Drug Administration, 2022

Used for: the model rules for holding food that needs temperature control, including milk, cold; for using time instead of temperature for a working supply; and for how often equipment touching such food is cleaned

Limits: Read from the full PDF, with layout kept: the definition of time/temperature control for safety food, section 3-501.16 in full, section 3-501.19 in full (paragraphs A to D) and section 4-602.11 in full, and the passage in 3-603.11 that lists milk among animal foods. The code is a model that states adopt in their own versions, so it is not the law in any one place, and it does not mention espresso machines, steam wands, steamed milk or coffee bars. The publication date is approximate.

Last checked October 2026.

How to chill, freeze and defrost food safely — Food Standards Agency, 2017

Used for: the agency's guidance on fridge temperature and on how long chilled food may be out of the fridge during preparation

Limits: Read in full as a page. It is advice to households in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, not guidance for food businesses, and says that a fridge should be between 0 and 5 °C and that chilled food should be out of the fridge for the shortest time possible during preparation, four hours at most. It does not mention milk, coffee or cafés. CoffeeHQ's page on working a coffee bar uses the agency's pack for caterers instead.

Last checked October 2026.

Safer food, better business for caterers: safe method, chilled storage and displaying chilled food — Food Standards Agency

Used for: the agency's safe method for caterers on keeping food chilled: the 8 °C legal requirement and where it applies, the recommended fridge setting, and the four-hour exception for food displayed out of chilled storage

Limits: The two-page sheet was downloaded from the agency's pack and read in full as laid out. It is guidance for caterers in general and does not mention milk, steamed milk, coffee or cafés; the sheet carries no date of its own. It summarises the law and is not the regulations themselves, which were not opened.

Last checked October 2026.

Safer food, better business for caterers: safe method, food allergies — Food Standards Agency

Used for: the agency's safe method for caterers on allergens: cleaning surfaces and equipment before preparing food for a customer with an allergy, separate equipment, and the list of allergens, which includes milk

Limits: The two-page sheet was downloaded from the agency's pack; the preparation, storage and allergen-list passages were read as laid out. It is written for kitchens and does not mention steam wands, milk jugs or coffee bars, and it does not say what cleaning removes an allergen from equipment.

Last checked October 2026.

Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, sections 173.228 (ethyl acetate) and 173.255 (methylene chloride) — United States Food and Drug Administration

Used for: the United States conditions under which ethyl acetate and methylene chloride may be used to decaffeinate coffee, and the residue limit for methylene chloride

Limits: Both sections read in full on 9 October 2026, first on a law school's mirror and then, in a second reading, from the government's own electronic code as it stood on 7 October 2026. Section 173.255(c) sets the limit of 10 parts per million (0.001 per cent) in decaffeinated roasted coffee and decaffeinated soluble coffee extract; section 173.228 sets no numerical limit and requires good manufacturing practice. Neither section defines what may be called decaffeinated. Regulations change; the electronic code is not the official legal edition.

Last checked October 2026.

Directive 2009/32/EC on extraction solvents used in the production of foodstuffs and food ingredients, Annex I — European Parliament and Council, 2009

Used for: which extraction solvents may be used on food in the European Union and the residue limits set for those used to decaffeinate coffee

Limits: Annex I and the articles read in full, in a second reading, in the European Union's consolidated text of 16 February 2023, fetched from the Publications Office because EUR-Lex itself returned no content; an earlier reading used the text as it stood on 31 December 2020. The consolidation lists three amending directives (2010, 2016, 2023), none of which changed the rows for coffee. It is the latest consolidation CoffeeHQ could open and a later amendment cannot be ruled out; a consolidated text is a documentation tool without legal effect. The directive sets residue limits and does not define decaffeinated coffee.

Last checked October 2026.

Verordnung über Kaffee, Kaffee- und Zichorien-Extrakte (Kaffeeverordnung), section 2 and annex — Federal Republic of Germany, Bundesministerium der Justiz, 2001

Used for: the German rule on when green coffee, roasted coffee and coffee extract may carry the word decaffeinated

Limits: Section 2 and the annex read in German on the federal law portal on 9 October 2026. Section 2 reserves 'entkoffeiniert' for green and roasted coffee with at most one gram of caffeine per kilogram of coffee dry matter and for extracts with at most three grams per kilogram of extract dry matter. One country's ordinance: it says nothing about other countries, and the other sections were not read.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee in China (ICC 115-7) — International Coffee Organization, 2015

Used for: coffee consumption, imports, production and exports in China over twenty crop years, the market's composition, where coffee is grown, how it arrived, the companies investing in Yunnan, and how the Organization derived its figures

Limits: Read in full as extracted text: eight pages and an annex with one table. The Organization says its own figures should be treated carefully: production is the FAO's tonnes converted to bags, consumption is derived as production plus imports minus exports on a two-year rolling average assuming no change in stocks, and the study notes that other sources put both between 1.1 and 1.5 million bags where it has 1.9 million. Figures include Hong Kong and Macao. Its charts are images; the shares printed on two pie charts came through as text and are used only where they agree with a total stated in the prose. Its history is two sentences. Ten years old: the market it describes, almost wholly instant coffee, has changed since.

Last checked October 2026.

China: Coffee Imports Show Strong Growth Potential (CH2022-0034) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2022

Used for: China's coffee production forecast and why it was falling, production in Yunnan and Hainan as the provincial yearbooks report it, imports by form and origin, how coffee is drunk, the number of coffee shops and the retail chains

Limits: Read in full as extracted text: eight pages. A voluntary report, not one of the USDA's annual coffee reports, and no later China coffee report was found; its forecasts are for a year that has since ended. It has no supply and demand table. Its five charts are images: the Yunnan and Hainan yearbook series, the import series and both origin pie charts could not be read as numbers and are not used. Several statements are credited only to industry sources or contacts. Says nothing on varieties, harvest or processing.

Last checked October 2026.

Implementation Completion and Results Report on a grant to the Republic of Burundi for the Coffee Sector Competitiveness Project (Report No. ICR00004849) — The World Bank, Agriculture and Food Global Practice, Africa East Region, 2022

Used for: Burundi's coffee sector as the Bank described it in 2016 and in 2022: households, production in tonnes of green coffee, the age of the trees, the washing stations, the institutions created by liberalisation, the return of the sector to state control in January 2020 and the creation of the coffee development office, the 2019 census of trees and growers, and when the cherries are picked

Limits: Read as the Bank's own text version, by passage: the context at appraisal, the account of the January 2020 change and the restructurings, the outcome sections, the census paragraph and the footnotes they cite. It is the lender's assessment of its own project and is openly critical of the government's decision; the government's reasons are not given in it. It prints two different figures for the 2019 crop (14,580 tonnes in one footnote, 10,600 in the census paragraph) and two different original closing dates. Its 2020 figure is a ministry number it takes from a press report. It gives nothing after 2021.

Last checked October 2026.

Project Appraisal Document on a proposed grant to the Republic of Burundi for a Coffee Sector Competitiveness Project (Report No. PAD1271) — The World Bank, International Development Association, 2016

Used for: the state of Burundi's coffee sector in 2015 to 2016: growers, trees and their age, yields per tree, the share that is fully washed, the swing in the crop from year to year, the potato taste, and what coffee earns the country

Limits: A long appraisal document, read by passage as extracted text: the sector presentation (paragraphs 12 to 17) and passages found by searching for yields, harvest, varieties and the potato taste. Written to justify a project, so it describes problems the project was meant to solve. Its figures are rounded and mostly unsourced in the text; the tree count is credited to a 2007 census. Its footnote attributing the potato taste to one named bacterium states as settled what later research treats as one proposal among several.

Last checked October 2026.

Rapid Strategic Environmental Assessment of Coffee Sector Reform in Burundi (Report No. 71823) — The World Bank, 2011

Used for: where coffee grows in Burundi and at what elevation, species and variety, the two ways it is processed, the washing stations and who owned them, how coffee was sold before and after the reform, the institutions, and the effect of washing stations on rivers

Limits: The repository serves it as extracted text. Read in full for the executive summary and chapters 2 and 3, and by passage for chapter 4 (water pollution, traceability). Its charts and its map of washing stations are images and were not read. It contradicts itself on ownership: the summary says 13 privatised stations belong to one Swiss company, the body says 36 do, with the same percentage. It places the three most productive regions 'in the northeast', which does not fit all three. The river measurements are two stations in one season, from a consultant's study it cites and CoffeeHQ did not open. It describes a reform that was reversed nine years later.

Last checked October 2026.

Cote d'Ivoire: Coffee Annual 2002 (GAIN Report IV2003) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2002

Used for: Côte d'Ivoire's coffee crop at the bottom of the 2001-02 price collapse: area, trees, production, stocks, the minimum producer price and the subsidy scheme, who was buying, the single soluble-coffee processor, and exports of green and soluble coffee by destination

Limits: Read in full: eight pages, the supply table and both trade tables, as extracted text. A snapshot of one bad season, written in May 2002 by the embassy in Abidjan, four months before the armed conflict began; its 2001/02 figures are preliminary and its 2002/03 figures a forecast. It is the only attaché coffee report for Côte d'Ivoire that CoffeeHQ found, so nothing here is a description of the present. The soluble-coffee table is headed 1999 and 2000 but its columns are 2000 and 2001. Names no harvest months and no growing region.

Last checked October 2026.

Value addition in the African coffee sector (ICC-120-7) — International Coffee Organization, 2017

Used for: African coffee production since the end of export quotas in 1989, coffee's share of national income and exports, domestic consumption, and exports of soluble and roasted coffee, in which Côte d'Ivoire is the continent's main producer of soluble coffee

Limits: The sections on production, consumption and soluble coffee were read as extracted text, with Table 1 and Table 2; the sections on constraints and investment were not. A study by the Organization's secretariat for its Council, which met that year in Côte d'Ivoire. Its charts are images: the production index for Côte d'Ivoire could not be read, so only what the text says about it is used. Its consumption figure for Côte d'Ivoire is identical in four successive years, which suggests a carried estimate.

Last checked October 2026.

Communiqué de presse relatif au lancement des ventes anticipées de la récolte 2012-2013 — Conseil du Café-Cacao, published by the Government of Côte d'Ivoire (gouv.ci), 2012

Used for: the reform of the coffee and cocoa sector adopted on 2 November 2011, its aim of a guaranteed minimum price to growers from 2012-13, and the legal basis of the Conseil du Café-Cacao

Limits: Read in full: one page, in French. The council's own announcement, and about the first forward sales of cocoa; it names coffee only in the title of the sector reform. Used for three facts: the date the reform was adopted, its stated aim, and the ordinance of 28 December 2011 that created the council. The council's own website refused the connection, so nothing about what it does for coffee today was read at first hand.

Last checked October 2026.

Ecuador: Coffee Annual (EC2022-0008) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2022

Used for: Ecuador's coffee area, production by species, yields, farm sizes, prices paid to growers, the soluble-coffee industry and the beans it imports, consumption, exports by form and destination, stocks, and the public bodies and programmes concerned with coffee

Limits: Read in full as extracted text: the narrative and the supply and distribution table. It is the attaché's report of May 2022 and the latest one CoffeeHQ could open; no later Ecuador coffee annual was found, so everything it says is four years old. Its seven figures and five photographs are images and were not read, including the chart of varieties and yields, the chart of area over time and the export charts. It does not agree with itself on exports for 2021/22: the table gives 444,000 bags, the summary says the estimate was revised to 500,000 and the trade section says 527,000. Several figures are credited to Ecuador's agriculture ministry or to the exporters' association without a document being named.

Last checked October 2026.

Product specification for Café de Galápagos, a protected designation of origin (F0091) — United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, register of protected geographical food and drink names; competent authority Ecuador's Ministerio de Producción, Comercio Exterior, Inversiones y Pesca, 2024

Used for: what the protected name Café de Galápagos covers: species and varieties, the islands and the elevation band, the physical standard for green coffee, the required harvesting, wet processing, drying and storage, and the body that inspects it

Limits: The register page and the specification were read in full as extracted text; the specification's map is an image and was not read. It is the United Kingdom's registration of an Ecuadorian name, in English, and not the Ecuadorian declaration itself, which was not opened. A specification is the applicant's own case for protection: its description of the cup, its claim that the coffee is 'native' to the islands and its statement that nowhere else grows coffee of this quality so low are assertions in a legal document, not findings, and are not adopted. The register page gives the registration date as both 5 and 8 July 2024.

Last checked October 2026.

Product specification for Lojano Café de Origen, a protected designation of origin (F0090) — United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, register of protected geographical food and drink names; competent authority Ecuador's Ministerio de Producción, Comercio Exterior, Inversiones y Pesca, 2024

Used for: what the protected name Lojano Café de Origen covers: the species and the varieties listed, the cantons of Loja province and the elevation range, the physical standard and cupping score for green coffee, and the processing methods allowed

Limits: Found and read at the second reading: the register page in full and the specification's sections 1 to 5 as extracted text. It is the United Kingdom's registration of an Ecuadorian name, in English, and not the Ecuadorian declaration, which was not opened and whose date is not taken from it. The document is not consistent with itself: it gives the minimum cupping score as 80 in its description and as 83 in its inspection rules, and names a canton in one list of a corridor that it omits from another. Its description of the cup is the applicant's case for protection and is not adopted.

Last checked October 2026.

Encuesta de Superficie y Producción Agropecuaria Continua (ESPAC): tabulados 2022 and 2024, Table 15, café (grano oro) — Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC), Ecuador, 2023

Used for: area planted and harvested, production and sales of coffee by region and province in Ecuador's continuous agricultural survey, for 2022 and 2024

Limits: Opened at the second reading: the published workbooks of tables for 2022 and 2024 were downloaded and Table 15 of each read as extracted cell values, with the national row for coffee in Table 2. The tables are headed 'café (grano oro)', green coffee, and give each province in two rows, coffee grown alone and intercropped, which were added. It is a sample survey, not a census, and the workbooks as read give no sampling error beside the coffee figures. The publication date is approximate: the page for the 2022 survey carries none. The 2023 workbook was not opened. The national total for 2024 is the sum of the three regional rows.

Last checked October 2026.

MAGAP ejecuta “Proyecto de Reactivación de la Caficultura Ecuatoriana” — Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca del Ecuador

Used for: the Ecuadorian government's ten-year coffee reactivation project launched in 2011: its cost, the families and organisations it was to reach, its production and renovation targets, and the ministry's own account of why national production had fallen

Limits: A ministry news page, read in full in Spanish as extracted text. The page as read carries no publication date; it describes a project prioritised in May 2011 and quotes a price for 2012, so it was written in or after 2012. It states the project's targets, not its results. Its production figures come from three different bodies (an unnamed source for 1999, the national coffee council for 2008, the FAO for 2010) and are not one series. A government's description of its own programme.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee Industry Corporation: About us; History of coffee in PNG; Production and export statistics; Coffee cherry trade policy; Eastern Highlands Province; New growth areas — Coffee Industry Corporation Ltd, Papua New Guinea

Used for: the regulator's own account of what it does and where, its history of coffee's introduction, national production and exports to 2016, the split between smallholders, blocks and plantations, export grades and destinations, exporters' shares, robusta, certified exports, and the 2008 rule on trading cherry

Limits: Six pages of the national coffee authority's website, each read in full as downloaded text on 2026-10-09. None carries a date. The statistics page describes the decade to 2016 and nothing later; the history page stops at 2008/09. The pages do not always agree with one another or with other sources: the history page counts 15 provinces of 19 and the statistics page 16; the statistics page says 2016 production was 65 per cent above 2015, which its own two figures do not give. Its charts did not come through as text. The Eastern Highlands page carries a promotional cup description, which is not used.

Last checked October 2026.

History of coffee in Papua New Guinea (archived page, copyright 2008) — Coffee Industry Corporation Ltd, Papua New Guinea, 2008

Used for: the regulator's earlier, shorter history: plantings in British Papua from 1889, the 1928 plantation at Wau, Lutheran missionaries bringing coffee to the highlands before the Second World War, and smallholder planting in the Asaro Valley from 1952

Limits: A short page from the corporation's former website, read in full from the Internet Archive's capture of 1 August 2009. It names no sources. It differs from the corporation's present history page on who introduced coffee and on how it reached the highlands, and both accounts are reported as the corporation's. The publication date is the copyright year only.

Last checked October 2026.

Arabica coffee manual for Lao PDR — Edward Winston, Jacques Op de Laak, Tony Marsh, Herbert Lempke and Keith Chapman — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 2005

Used for: a growers' manual written with the Lao coffee research centre: how coffee came to Laos and which species survived, area and families in 2001, the cultivars recommended for the Bolaven Plateau, harvest months for arabica and robusta, how each was processed at the time, and tonnages by species

Limits: Read as the FAO's web pages: the preface, chapter 1 (the coffee plant and site selection) in full, the opening of chapter 6 (harvesting and processing) and of chapter 7 (quality assessment); of chapter 8 only its first sentence (that Laos had no export standard in 2005) was read and is used; chapters 2 to 5, the rest of 8, and 9 and 10 were opened and not read for this entry. Twenty years old: its areas, tonnages and species shares describe 2001 to 2005. It is a manual, and its history is two sentences with no source. It gives the Bolaven Plateau as about 500 square kilometres, where a geography journal gives 4,800; the figure is not used. The harvest months refer to a crop-cycle chart that is an image. Re-opened on 2026-10-09 for the plant and soil guides: chapter 2 (nursery practices), chapter 3 (field management and planting) and chapter 4 (plant nutrition and fertiliser management) were read in full, with the passages of chapter 1 on rainfall, soil type and roots; figures did not come through as text. For those uses it is a practical manual and not research: its figures for nutrient removal and uptake carry no reference beyond 'in India', and its nursery timings are for the cool season of southern Laos. It contains fertiliser amounts, a soil mix, named fungicides and insecticides, planting densities and tables of 'optimum' leaf and soil levels; CoffeeHQ repeats none of them. Its grouping of deficiency symptoms places nitrogen with the nutrients that show first in young leaves, which differs from the usual textbook account, and that item is not repeated.

Last checked October 2026.

El Salvador: coffee profile (presentation 7.2, coffee year 2015/16) — Consejo Salvadoreño del Café (Salvadoran Coffee Council), filed among the International Coffee Organization's presentations, 2016

Used for: El Salvador's six coffee mountain ranges with their area and altitude range, the three altitude classes used in trade, variety shares, producers and area by farm size, production by month for six coffee years, the harvest season, how the crop is processed, costs, prices paid to growers, exports by class, domestic consumption, calculated employment, and the composition of the Council

Limits: Read in full as extracted text: 36 slides. The three tables transcribed (mountain ranges, farm sizes, monthly production) were also checked against the rendered slides. A slide deck, not a report: it has no author line or date on its face, so the publication date given is the creation date in the file, and the attribution to the Council rests on its content and its closing slide. Slides give figures with little or no definition: the variety and processing shares do not say what they are shares of, and the farm-size and mountain-range tables carry no survey year. Its employment figures are a calculation from the crop, not a count. The sector's account of itself. Its charts were read only where their labels came through as text.

Last checked October 2026.

Consejo Salvadoreño del Café website: Historia del Café, Variedades, Control de Calidad, Denominación de Origen, and the notice of 24 June 2022 on five denominations of origin — Consejo Salvadoreño del Café (Salvadoran Coffee Council), 2022

Used for: the Council's own timeline of coffee in El Salvador, its descriptions of the varieties grown there with the share of area it gives for Tekisic and Pacas, the minimum standards for its gourmet certificate, what a denomination of origin legally is in El Salvador, and its statement that five further denominations were registered by the European Union in June 2022, eleven years after Apaneca-Ilamatepec

Limits: The live site did not answer and its successor's site refused the request on 2026-10-09, so every page was read from the Internet Archive's captures: the history, varieties and denomination pages as captured on 20 August 2019, the quality-control page on 17 July 2019, and the notice of 24 June 2022 as captured on 16 August 2022. Read in Spanish, as extracted text, each page in full. Undated pages: the area shares on the varieties page have no year. An institution's account of itself and of its country's coffee, with promotional passages; its tasting descriptions are not used. The pages on the mountain ranges and on statistics are images or empty in the captures and gave nothing. The statistical bulletin linked from the site is truncated in the archive and could not be read.

Last checked October 2026.

Honduras: Coffee Annual (HO2026-0002) — USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Tegucigalpa — United States Department of Agriculture, Global Agricultural Information Network, 2026

Used for: Honduras's coffee area, production, growers by size, leaf rust, consumption, exports by destination, imports, stocks, certified exports and export classes for the 2024/25 to 2026/27 marketing years

Limits: Read in full as extracted text, except that its charts are images whose printed labels came through and whose bars did not. An assessment by US agricultural attachés; the grower, export, certification and grading figures are the national coffee institute's, reported at one remove. Much of its text is carried over from the 2025 edition unchanged, including the altitude band and the regions. Its certification and export-class tables for 2025/26 are preliminary, to April 2026, and one table is headed 2024/25 in the text and 2025/26 in its title. It revises the certified share of 2023/24 exports to 56 per cent, where the 2025 edition printed 52 in one table and 55.7 in another. It does not describe processing and names no harvest months.

Last checked October 2026.

Costa Rica: Coffee Annual (CS2026-0004) — USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, San José — United States Department of Agriculture, Global Agricultural Information Network, 2026

Used for: Costa Rica's coffee area by region, production, growers and mills, the exchange rate, weather and labour, consumption, exports by destination, imports and deforestation-free verification for the 2024/25 to 2026/27 marketing years

Limits: Read as extracted text: the body in full and the supply table's first rows; its production, grower and export charts are images and were not read. An assessment by US agricultural attachés; area, grower, mill and export figures are the national coffee institute's, reported at one remove, and the area figures are still those of the institute's 2022 survey. It gives no altitudes and no account of varieties or processing.

Last checked October 2026.

Uganda: Coffee Annual (UG2026-0001) — USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Nairobi — United States Department of Agriculture, Global Agricultural Information Network, 2026

Used for: Uganda's coffee area, production by species, farm sizes, inputs, pests, how robusta and arabica are processed, prices, the restructuring of the coffee authority, exports by month and destination, consumption and stocks for the 2024/25 to 2026/27 marketing years

Limits: Read in full as extracted text; its map and photographs were not read. An assessment by US agricultural attachés. Its text says robusta is about 80 per cent of production while its own table works out at about 84. It charts as export prices the same figures the 2025 edition charted as domestic prices. It dates the restructuring of the coffee authority to 2025, where the 2025 edition described a bill of 2024. Its 2025/26 export total includes an estimate of 555,000 bags for Sudan from industry sources. Its two sentences on processing are general and give no shares. It names no harvest months and no altitudes.

Last checked October 2026.

Tanzania: Coffee Annual (TZ2026-0003) — USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Dar es Salaam — United States Department of Agriculture, Global Agricultural Information Network, 2026

Used for: Tanzania's coffee area, production by species, the coffee board's harvest calendar by zone, fertiliser, auction opening dates, benchmark prices, exports of green and soluble coffee by destination, consumption and stocks for the 2024/25 to 2026/27 marketing years

Limits: Read in full as extracted text; its map is an image and was not read. An assessment by US agricultural attachés; the harvest calendar, auction dates and benchmark prices are the Tanzania Coffee Board's, reported at one remove. Its supply table gives arabica as 750,000 of 1.45 million bags in 2025/26, about 52 per cent, and it does not repeat the 60.9 and 39.1 per cent species shares printed in the 2025 edition's text. Its calendar gives July to December for the northern and southern zones and May to October for the western, where the 2025 edition said July to October for the country. It gives no altitudes and does not describe grades.

Last checked October 2026.

India: Coffee Annual (IN2026-0026) — USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, New Delhi — United States Department of Agriculture, Global Agricultural Information Network, 2026

Used for: India's coffee area, production and yield by species, rainfall in the coffee districts, growers, labour and picking, shade and intercropping, the altitude at which arabica is grown, the cherry and parchment methods, consumption, exports and trade agreements for the 2024/25 to 2026/27 marketing years

Limits: Read as extracted text from the highlights to the passage on trade agreements; the tariff table after the import section, and its seven charts, were not read. An assessment by US agricultural attachés; area and price data are the Coffee Board of India's and rainfall data the national meteorological department's. It gives per-person consumption as 0.04 kilograms where the 2025 edition gave 0.07, without explaining the change. It says robusta is over 75 per cent of production in one place and about two thirds in another. Its statements on shade, intercropping, altitude and processing are one general paragraph with no source named. It does not describe monsooning.

Last checked October 2026.

Country Coffee Profile: Cameroon (ICC 120-5) — International Coffee Organization, with the National Cocoa and Coffee Board of Cameroon, 2017

Used for: Cameroon's coffee sector as its national board described it in 2017: history, marketed production by species over twelve crop years, area and output by region, holdings, costs, prices paid to growers, processing, grades, institutions, roasting and consumption, exports by destination, coffee's share of exports and of national income

Limits: Read in full as extracted text: 42 pages and eighteen tables. The date is that of the PDF's creation; the document itself is undated and belongs to the Council session of September 2017. Drafted by the national board and edited by the Organization, so it is the sector's own account. Its figures are marketed production, not the crop. It disagrees with itself in places: 2011/12 is 635,000 bags in two tables and 585,000 in a third; the regional table for 2014/15 adds up to the total it gives elsewhere for 2015/16; a fall in the robusta price from 745 to 529 francs is described as 6.6 per cent; and its statement that coffee has not been affected by epidemics sits beside a research literature on coffee berry disease in the same highlands. Its map and several of its charts are images. Nearly ten years old.

Last checked October 2026.

History of Coffee in Cameroon — Office National du Cacao et du Café (National Cocoa and Coffee Board), Cameroon

Used for: the national board's own account of how coffee came to Cameroon: the trial gardens, the plantings of 1925 to 1928, René Coste at Dschang, the Bamoun planters' cooperative and its mill, and what became of European farms after independence

Limits: An undated web page, read in full. The board's own telling, without references, in an English translation that is unclear in places. It attributes the trial gardens up to 1925 to German settlers, although German rule ended in 1916. Its opening paragraphs on the origin of coffee are legend and are not used. The board's statistics page returned no figures and its page on growing zones is promotional; neither is used.

Last checked October 2026.

Venezuela: Coffee Annual (VE2020-0009) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2020

Used for: Venezuela's coffee production, area and trees, the shortages of fuel and farm inputs, rust, price controls and the buyers of coffee, the collapse of imports and consumption, retail price against the minimum wage, exports and cross-border trade

Limits: Read in full as extracted text: six pages, one trade table and the supply table. The latest edition CoffeeHQ could find; the USDA's own report pages returned an error, and the file name came from an archived copy of the report's page. The attaché's estimates and forecasts, made in May 2020 with the marketing year still running, in a country where it says official data are scarce; the report writes from an openly critical position on the government. Its import chart is an image. The supply table's heading gives the 2020/21 year as beginning in October 2021, a misprint. Names no growing state, no variety, no harvest month and no processing method.

Last checked October 2026.

Venezuela: Coffee Annual 2018 — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2018

Used for: Venezuela's coffee production, the state supplier of farm inputs, the relaxation of the regulated price, consumption, imports and exports

Limits: Read in full as extracted text: three pages and the supply table. The report carries no report number. The attaché's estimates and forecasts. Its text gives the area planted as 220 million hectares where its table gives 220 thousand; the table is used.

Last checked October 2026.

Venezuela: Coffee Annual (VE-1711) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2017

Used for: Venezuela's coffee production and growing states, the share of the crop growers had to sell to the state corporation, consumption, imports under oil-for-food agreements, unofficial exports to Colombia

Limits: Read in full as extracted text: four pages and the supply table. The attaché's estimates and forecasts, credited in places to the producers' confederation and private growers. Its figure for area harvested in 2015/16 (205 thousand hectares) differs from the 2015 edition's (160), and its tree counts differ from that edition's by more than half, without explanation. It dates the rust outbreak to 2016 where the 2015 edition describes it in 2014/15.

Last checked October 2026.

Venezuela: Coffee Annual (VE1508) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2015

Used for: The rust outbreak of 2014/15 in Venezuela, growing states, farm size, the decree making the state the sole buyer, the price regime and its grades, the government as sole importer, imports from Nicaragua, unofficial exports to Colombia and the ban on moving coffee to border states

Limits: Read in full as extracted text: six pages and the supply table. The attaché's estimates and forecasts, credited in places to the coffee division of the producers' confederation and to trade contacts; the report says there are no reliable official numbers. It writes from an openly critical position on the government's policies. Its statement that Venezuela exported premium coffee for about 200 years is the attaché's own, unsourced. Several sentences give the wrong marketing year or drop the word thousand; the table is used where they differ.

Last checked October 2026.

Total production by all exporting countries, crop years 1990/91 to 2019/20 — International Coffee Organization, 2021

Used for: coffee production of each exporting country in thousand 60-kilogram bags for thirty crop years, grouped by the month in which the crop year begins and marked for species

Limits: Read as extracted text from a copy held by the Internet Archive: the Organization's own address for the table no longer serves it. Only the row for the Democratic Republic of Congo, the group headings and the totals were read. The table does not say which years are final and which are estimates, or where each figure came from; for a country at war for much of the period, the row is best read as what was reported to the Organization. The publication date is the date the PDF was created. The series ends in 2019/20 and has not been continued in this form.

Last checked October 2026.

Exports of all forms of coffee by all exporting countries, calendar years 1990 to 2019 — International Coffee Organization, 2021

Used for: coffee exports of each exporting country in thousand 60-kilogram bags for thirty calendar years

Limits: Read as extracted text from a copy held by the Internet Archive. Only the row for the Democratic Republic of Congo and the totals were read. Calendar years, where the production table uses crop years, so the two are not comparable year for year. Records exports that were declared: coffee carried unrecorded across the country's eastern borders is by definition absent. The publication date is the date the PDF was created.

Last checked October 2026.

Fortalecimiento de la cadena de valor de café en la República Dominicana: en respuesta al cambio climático (LC/MEX/TS.2020/37) — I. Batista, A. Roblero and D. Ramírez — United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (CEPAL), with the Instituto Dominicano del Café and the Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio, 2020

Used for: the Dominican Republic's coffee chain: area and production since 1980, where coffee grows by region, farm size and age of plantings, the return of leaf rust and the replanting that followed, who picks the crop, prices paid on the farm, the dominant roaster, exports, imports of green coffee by year and origin, and an estimate of national consumption

Limits: In Spanish. Read as extracted text: the national-context part of chapter I (sections 5 to 10) and the production and labour parts of chapter II in full; the climate chapter by passage; chapters III, IV and VI to IX not read. A co-publication with the national coffee institute, which also reviewed the text, and it says it was not editorially reviewed. Its charts are images: the area and production series, the export series and the origin of imports were not read as numbers. Most national figures are its citations of the coffee council, the agriculture ministry or a 2007 market study, none opened here. It does not agree with itself on the unregistered coffee of 2018 (4,110 tonnes in the text, 4.59 thousand in its table) and prints thousands of tonnes as tonnes in one sentence about Haiti. Its consumption estimate applies a 2007 household survey to a 2010 census. Names one harvest month, in a footnote.

Last checked October 2026.

Export Commodity Production and Broad-based Rural Development: Coffee and Cocoa in the Dominican Republic (Policy Research Working Paper 3306) — P. B. Siegel and J. Alwang — The World Bank, 2004

Used for: the Dominican coffee sector around 2000: farms and area in 1981 and 1999, the agricultural regions, elevation bands, Typica and Caturra and the share of each, production and exports by season from 1990/91 to 2001/02, farm sizes, three levels of technology, pests, labour including Haitian harvest labour, and post-harvest practice

Limits: The repository serves it as plain text. Read: the abstract and chapter III (the coffee sector) from its start to the opening of the post-harvest section; the cocoa chapter, the strategy chapter and the rest of the marketing section were not read. A working paper carrying its authors' views, not the Bank's. Its producer survey of mid-2002 is, by its own account, not representative and over-weights larger farms. It says its data on producers, area and yields vary by source and are contradictory. One sentence gives production as 72,000 to 125,000 quintals where its own table shows 721,200 to 1,255,400. Its remarks on quality (that Caturra gives a lower quality than Typica, that the coffee was traded at a discount) are the trade views of 2002 and are reported only as that. Two decades old: it predates the rust epidemic and the fall in production.

Last checked October 2026.

Pliego de condiciones e información complementaria, Denominación de Origen Protegida «Café de Valdesia» — United Kingdom Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, register of protected geographical food and drink names; applicant Federación de Caficultores de la Región Sur (FEDECARES), 2015

Used for: what the protected name Café de Valdesia covers: species and the two permitted varieties, the three provinces and the municipalities, the elevation band, the physical standard for green coffee, shade, wet processing and drying rules, and the applicant's history of coffee in the south of the country from the eighteenth century to the 1980s

Limits: In Spanish. The register page was read in full; of the specification, the product description, the delimitation of the area, the varieties, cultivation and processing rules, the historical section and part two were read as extracted text. The roasting, packaging, labelling and control sections, the chemical tables and the annexes of coordinates were not, and its map is an image. A specification is the applicant's own case for protection: its description of the cup, its claim of a processing culture unique in the country and its causal link between soil and quality are assertions in a legal document, not findings, and are not adopted. Its history is a growers' federation's reading of secondary works it footnotes, none of which was opened. The European Union's own publication of the application (Official Journal C 91 of 8 March 2016) would not open.

Last checked October 2026.

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1043 of 15 June 2016 entering a name in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications (Café de Valdesia (PDO)) — European Commission, 2016

Used for: the entry of the name Café de Valdesia in the European Union's register as a protected designation of origin, on the Dominican Republic's application

Limits: Read in full: it is two articles long. Read in the copy kept on the United Kingdom's legislation site, because the European Union's own site returned an empty page to a script. It registers the name and says nothing about the coffee; the single document it refers to was not opened.

Last checked October 2026.

Ley No. 246-17 que crea el Instituto Dominicano del Café. Deroga la Ley No. 79-00, que creó el Consejo Dominicano del Café (Gaceta Oficial No. 10899, 11 December 2017) — Congreso Nacional de la República Dominicana, 2017

Used for: the law that turned the Dominican Coffee Council into the Dominican Coffee Institute: its recitals on why production fell, the institute's legal standing and functions, and who sits on its board

Limits: In Spanish. Read as extracted text from the copy held in the FAO's legislation database: the recitals and articles 1 to 8 in full; the remaining articles (director, finances, transitional provisions) were not read. A law's recitals are the legislature's account of events, not a study. The law says what the institute is empowered to do, not what it does.

Last checked October 2026.

Memoria Institucional 2025 — Instituto Dominicano del Café (INDOCAFE), 2026

Used for: the coffee institute's own account of calendar 2025: quintals harvested, quintals exported and their value, the price paid on the farm, export prices by type, plants of rust-resistant varieties produced, area renovated, the register of growers and farms, and the totals it claims for 2020 to 2025

Limits: In Spanish. A word-processor file converted to text; the executive summary, the production, export and cumulative-results passages were read, the rest searched. The publication date is not printed and is recorded as the start of 2026. An institution's report on its own performance: it presents results as achievements and gives no method for the harvest figure, nor the form of coffee a quintal refers to. One section repeats, with the year changed, the previous report's sentence that 590,817 quintals were harvested in the first half of the year, which contradicts its own figure of 450,713 for the whole of 2025; the repeated sentence is not used. Plants produced are given as 7,239,942 in one place and 7,333,191 in another. It gives no figure for imports or consumption.

Last checked October 2026.

Memoria Institucional 2024 — Instituto Dominicano del Café (INDOCAFE), 2025

Used for: the coffee institute's own account of calendar 2024: quintals produced, quintals exported and their value, the price paid on the farm, and the totals it claims for 2020 to 2024

Limits: In Spanish. A word-processor file converted to text and searched for its production and export statements; it was not read through. The publication date is not printed and is recorded as the start of 2025. An institution's report on its own performance, with no method given for the production figure. It gives 590,817 quintals both as the production of 2024 and as the harvest of the first half of 2024.

Last checked October 2026.

Production, Supply and Distribution database: coffee (file of 22 July 2026) — United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2026

Used for: the full supply and distribution table behind the USDA's coffee circular, by country and marketing year: production by species, bean, soluble and roasted imports and exports, domestic consumption and stocks

Limits: Downloaded as the database's own file, whose single member is dated 22 July 2026, the same day as the July 2026 circular. Venezuela's rows were also read, at the second reading of that country's entry on 2026-10-09, and are held in CoffeeHQ's Venezuela dataset; what follows describes the Malaysian reading. Malaysia's rows were read, every attribute for every year, by script; the rows for 1990 to 2026 are held in CoffeeHQ's dataset and agree with the circular's Malaysia rows for production and soluble exports in all six years the circular prints. The database gives figures and no method: it does not say how Malaysia's production is estimated. Every figure is an estimate that is revised, and the last year is a forecast. A marketing year is labelled by the calendar year in which it begins.

Last checked October 2026.

Study on coffee marketing systems and policies: analytical report by a consultant (EB 3752/00) — International Coffee Organization, 2000

Used for: What a World Bank study of nine countries found about coffee marketing after liberalisation; for Madagascar, the year the trade was liberalised, growers' share of the export price in accessible and inaccessible areas, and the problems the study listed

Limits: Read in full for the executive summary and the Madagascar section, as extracted text. It is a consultant's summary of a World Bank study and nine country profiles that were not themselves opened, so each statement is at one remove. It gives no production figure for Madagascar and no dates beyond 1988.

Last checked October 2026.

Sustainability of the coffee sector in Africa (ICC 114-5) — International Coffee Organization, International Coffee Council, 114th Session, 2015

Used for: average coffee production by decade for 25 African producing countries, their growers, area, domestic consumption and yields, with a discussion of governments, research and markets

Limits: Downloaded and read as extracted text: the body in the passages that name the eight West and Central African countries used here, and annex tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 in full. The document calls itself preliminary. Its figures stop at 2013/14, which it marks as estimated, and nothing here should be read as a present-day figure. Its two area columns disagree for several countries (Sierra Leone is 2,000 hectares in Table 3 and 15,000 in Table 7; Ghana 35,000 and 15,000), so no area is taken from it. The grower counts in Table 3 are undated. Its opening remarks on altitude and volcanic soils are general and are not used.

Last checked October 2026.

Aspects institutionnels concernant l'administration des indications géographiques : cas de l'OAPI — Michel Gonomy, Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle — World Intellectual Property Organization, Worldwide Symposium on Geographical Indications, Budapest (WIPO/GEO/BUD/15/5, annex), 2015

Used for: how the African Intellectual Property Organization registers and administers geographical indications, and the project that produced its first three registrations, Ziama-Macenta coffee among them

Limits: A paper by the OAPI's own officer for geographical indications, read in French as extracted text: the introduction and the section on producer groups in full, the rest in passages. The symposium was held in October 2015; the day is not recorded here. It names the three registrations in order and the producers' association for the coffee, and cites a Guinean decree of 3 April 2013. It gives no registration date for the coffee and does not reproduce the product specification, which was not found.

Last checked October 2026.

L'expérience de l'Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle (OAPI) en matière de protection et de gestion des indications géographiques — Jean-Baptiste Noël Wago, Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle — World Intellectual Property Organization, Worldwide Symposium on Geographical Indications, Yangzhou (WIPO/GEO/YTY/17/9), 2017

Used for: the OAPI's legal framework for geographical indications and the filing and registration dates of its first three

Limits: A slide presentation of 31 pages, read as extracted text. Its dates for Ziama-Macenta coffee cannot both be right: it gives a filing date of June 2014 and a registration date of 14 March 2014, earlier than the filing. The two Cameroonian products on the same slide are dated 2013. The dates are recorded as printed and the year of registration is treated as unsettled.

Last checked October 2026.

Café du Mont Ziama (presentation by the Woko cooperative of Macenta) — Camara, for the Coopérative Woko, Macenta — Workshop on geographical indications in the coffee and cocoa sector, Yaoundé, 28 to 30 September 2010; published by oriGIn, 2010

Used for: the cooperative's own account of Guinean coffee's decline after 1964, its founding in 2003, its membership, and the coffee it sold each season from 2003/04 to 2009/10

Limits: Thirteen slides, read in full as extracted text. A producers' organisation describing itself and making its case for a protected name, so its account of quality and of policy is its own view. The sales table is the cooperative's; its seven rows of kilograms sold add up to the printed total. The slides predate the registration of the name.

Last checked October 2026.

National coffee policies: communication from the Central African Republic (ICC 100-7) — International Coffee Organization, International Coffee Council, 100th Session; text supplied by the Central African Republic's ORCCPA, 2008

Used for: the Central African Republic's own account of its coffee sector: growing prefectures and their areas, growers, the introduction of robusta, flowering, picking and export months, dry processing, grades by defect count, export volumes and the policy for reviving the crop

Limits: Seven pages, read in full as extracted text: an English policy statement and a French fact sheet. The government's own account, eighteen years old, written before the conflict that began in 2012; nothing in it describes the sector today. Its area and grower figures are dated 1996 and 1998. The altitude it gives is a single band for the country's coffee. It says nothing about excelsa.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee (ISSN 2471-6812), released 23 January 2026 — United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2026

Used for: Hawaii's coffee bearing acreage, yield, total and utilised production, price and value on a cherry basis for three seasons, utilised production and price on a parchment and a green basis, coffee harvested and not sold, the definitions of each term and the survey method

Limits: Read in full as the plain-text release. The 2025-2026 column is a forecast made in January 2026 and the release says end-of-season estimates follow in May; the 2024-2025 column revises the figures of the January 2025 release (utilised production from 21.0 to 22.37 million pounds of cherry). Survey estimates, subject to sampling error. The United States row is Hawaii alone: Puerto Rico and California are not in it. It gives no figures by island or district and names no variety.

Last checked October 2026.

Hawaiʻi's Coffee Production, Exports, and Labeling and Blend Requirements — Bonhee J. Keanu — Hawaiʻi Department of Agriculture and Biosecurity, Market Analysis and News Branch, 2025

Used for: Hawaii's green coffee production, price, bearing acreage and yield from 2014 to 2024, the history of the state's coffee labelling law from 1991 to the acts of 2023 and 2024, export volumes and values of green and roasted coffee by destination, and Hawaii's standing in the Japanese market

Limits: Read in full as extracted text; the charts are images whose data labels came through as text and were not relied on except where the prose repeats them. A staff paper that carries a disclaimer: the views are the author's and not an official statement of the department. Its production figures are the federal statistics service's, and its account of how the trade has responded to the labelling law rests on interviews it does not list. It describes the quality and prestige of Hawaiian coffee in promotional terms that CoffeeHQ does not repeat.

Last checked October 2026.

Statistics on Grading Standards for Hawaiʻi's Green Coffee, State of Hawaiʻi, 2023–2025 — Hawaiʻi Department of Agriculture and Biosecurity, Market Analysis and News Branch, with the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Pacific Region

Used for: the nine grades of Hawaiian green coffee, the rule that coffee below Prime may not carry a geographic name, and the pounds of green coffee the state certified in each grade in two seasons, against the federal estimate of utilised production

Limits: Read in full, two pages. Certification is voluntary, so the table covers the coffee growers chose to have graded: 69 per cent of utilised green production in 2023-2024 and 51 per cent in 2024-2025, on the document's own arithmetic. Its 2024-2025 production figure (3,961,000 pounds of green coffee) is the January 2025 federal estimate, since revised to 4,208,000. It summarises Hawaii Administrative Rules chapter 4-143, which CoffeeHQ did not open.

Last checked October 2026.

General Guidelines for Labeling Roasted Hawaii-Grown Coffee (update of 2 August 2024) — Hawaiʻi Department of Agriculture, Quality Assurance Division, Measurement Standards Branch, 2024

Used for: how roasted, instant and ready-to-drink coffee containing Hawaii-grown beans must be labelled under section 486-120.6 of the Hawaii Revised Statutes: the identity statement for a single origin, for several Hawaiian origins and for a blend with foreign coffee, the geographic names, and the changes made by Act 211 of 2023 and Act 198 of 2024

Limits: Read in full, four pages. The branch's guideline to the statute, not the statute: it says so itself. The statute and the two acts could not be opened on the legislature's site, which refused automated requests, so every statement about the law rests on this guideline, on the same division's presentation of February 2026 and on the department's staff paper of 2025.

Last checked October 2026.

2026 Update on State and Federal Coffee Labeling Laws — Leo Obaldo and Richard Cohen — Hawaiʻi Department of Agriculture and Biosecurity, Quality Assurance Division; presented at the Kona Coffee Farmers Association symposium, 2026

Used for: the state officials' summary of section 486-120.6 after Act 198 of 2024: the 10 per cent minimum for a blend expiring on 30 June 2027 and the 51 per cent minimum from 1 July 2027, with the subsections cited; the identity statements; and a slide on a federal 51 per cent labelling law said to have been enacted on 11 November 2025

Limits: Read in full, eight slides as extracted text; two slides of label examples are images. Slides by the division's administrator and a branch manager, hosted by a growers' association, not a legal text. The slide on the federal law gives a date and says the Food and Drug Administration is to enforce it; it names no statute, and CoffeeHQ has read no federal text.

Last checked October 2026.

Hawaii Revised Statutes §486-120.6, Hawaii-grown and Hawaii-processed coffee; labeling or advertising requirements (text effective 1 July 2024, as published by the department) — State of Hawaii; copy published by the Hawaiʻi Department of Agriculture and Biosecurity, Quality Assurance Division, 2024

Used for: The state's labelling rules for roasted, instant and ready-to-drink coffee made with Hawaii-grown and Hawaii-processed beans: identity statements, the list of origins, the ten per cent floor, the All Hawaiian rule, the grade requirement, record-keeping and definitions, with the section's legislative history

Limits: Opened at the second reading of the United States entry and read in full (three pages). It is the department's copy of the section, not the legislature's: capitol.hawaii.gov and data.capitol.hawaii.gov refused every request. The record's date is the file's creation date. The text is the one amended by Act 211 of 2023 and does not include the amendment made by Act 198 of 2024, so it shows the ten per cent floor in subsection (d)(2) and not the 51 per cent rule or its dates. A second department copy (dab.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/HRS-486-120.6.pdf) gives both the text in force until 30 June 2024 and this one. Its history note reads L 1991, c 289; am L 1995, c 103; am L 2002, c 258; am L 2011, c 49; am L 2023, c 211.

Last checked October 2026.

Continuing Appropriations, Agriculture, Legislative Branch, Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and Extensions Act, 2026 (Public Law 119-37), Division B, section 778 — United States Congress; text from the Government Publishing Office, 2025

Used for: One general provision of an appropriations Act: that for purposes of applying the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Hawaii grown or produced coffee shall contain at least 51 per cent of coffee grown in named regions of Hawaii, with the common or usual names it gives

Limits: Opened at the second reading of the United States entry. Only section 778 (139 Stat. 558), the Act's title page and its approval line were read; the rest of a long Act was not. The section is a single sentence in the general provisions of an appropriations division. Whether it is permanent law, how the Food and Drug Administration applies it and how it relates to Hawaii's own statute were not established from any document; a state presentation reports the agency as calling it self-executing. That presentation dates the enactment 11 November 2025; the public law says approved 12 November 2025.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee Leaf Rust Confirmed on Maui and Tentatively Found on Hawai`i Island (news release NR20-16) — Hawaiʻi Department of Agriculture, 2020

Used for: the first confirmation of coffee leaf rust in Hawaii, on Maui, the tentative finding at a residence in Hilo, the state's fumigation and quarantine rules for imported green coffee and coffee plants, and advice on symptoms and control

Limits: Read in full on the department's site (reached at dab.hawaii.gov/?p=8729, which redirects). A news release from the first week of the outbreak: the Hilo finding was still tentative when it was written, and it says nothing of the later spread. Its yield-loss range is attributed to unnamed researchers.

Last checked October 2026.

2022 Census of Agriculture, Puerto Rico, Region Data: Table 44, Coffee: 2022 and 2018 — United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service

Used for: farms growing coffee in Puerto Rico, cuerdas planted, trees of bearing and non-bearing age and the quantity harvested in hundredweight, for the island and its eight agricultural regions, and separately for coffee grown in shade and in the open

Limits: One table read in full; the census's introductory text and appendices were not opened, so the table's own headings are all CoffeeHQ has: the quantity is in hundredweight and the table does not say whether of cherry, parchment or green coffee, and the cuerda is not defined on the page. A farm growing coffee both in shade and in the open is counted in both of those blocks, so their farm counts add up to more than the total. The 2018 census followed the hurricanes of September 2017.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee (crop page) — Department of Export Agriculture, Sri Lanka, 2019

Used for: the department's advice to coffee growers: which districts and elevations suit arabica and robusta, the varieties it recommends by name, planting, shade, pruning, fertiliser, pests and diseases, and the dry and wet methods of preparing the crop, with a four-sentence history

Limits: Read in full as the page's text. An extension page, undated in its statements and without sources. It gives the total extent of coffee as 'about 60580 ha', which is more than ten times any other figure CoffeeHQ has seen and is not used. It gives no production figure, no year for any statement and no harvest month. Its history (coffee brought by Arabs in 1503; nearly 50,000 tons exported a year; cultivation destroyed by rust in 1870) is the department's summary and differs in its dates from the historians' account.

Last checked October 2026.

Cifras, Boletín Electrónico Bisemanal Nº 1.428. Bolivia: Exportación de Café, período 2016-2025 (p) y avance al mes de abril de 2026 (p) — Instituto Boliviano de Comercio Exterior (IBCE), with data of the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), 2026

Used for: Bolivia's coffee exports by year in tonnes and millions of US dollars, the main destinations and the share that is unroasted green coffee

Limits: A one-page bulletin, read in full. The trade institute's presentation of the national statistics institute's export data; the statistics institute's own tables were not opened. The yearly series is a chart published as an image: its ten bar labels and ten line labels were read by eye from the extracted image, not from text. Figures for 2024 and 2025 are marked preliminary. The destination shares are stated in the text; the product chart was not read beyond the 99 per cent the text gives. Exports only: it says nothing about production.

Last checked October 2026.

Cifras, Boletín Electrónico Bisemanal Nº 1.228. Bolivia: Exportaciones de café 2014-2023 y avance al mes de febrero del 2024 — Instituto Boliviano de Comercio Exterior (IBCE), with data of the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) and Trade Map, 2024

Used for: Bolivia's coffee exports by year in tonnes and millions of US dollars, destinations in 2023 and routes out of the country in early 2024

Limits: A one-page bulletin, read in full as extracted text. The chart's labels came through as text out of order; the ten volumes were paired with their years by position and checked two ways: they add up to the 'more than 18 thousand tonnes' the text gives, and eight of them agree with the later bulletin Nº 1.428. The values are whole millions of dollars and add up to 110 against the 109 the text states. CoffeeHQ uses this bulletin only for 2014 and 2015, which the later one does not cover.

Last checked October 2026.

Decreto Supremo Nº 3560, 16 de mayo de 2018 (Programa de Inversión Caficultura a Nivel Nacional) — Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia; text as republished by Lexivox from the Gaceta Oficial, 2018

Used for: the decree authorising a transfer of up to 182,835,153 bolivianos from the treasury to the Ministry of Rural Development and Lands and the national agricultural innovation institute for a national coffee investment programme, and transfers in kind to private parties under it

Limits: Read in full on a legal-information site that republishes the official gazette; the gazette itself was not opened. The related decree Nº 3657 of 5 September 2018 was read on the same site (lexivox.org/norms/BO-DS-N3657.html) and names the programme's executing bodies and two projects in Caranavi. A decree authorises money: neither says what was spent, planted or achieved, and CoffeeHQ read no evaluation of the programme.

Last checked October 2026.

Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia: Monitoreo de Cultivos de Coca 2022 — United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the Government of Bolivia, 2023

Used for: the United Nations' yearly survey of coca cultivation in Bolivia from satellite images and field checks: hectares of coca by province in the Yungas and the north of La Paz for 2012 to 2022, by municipality for 2021 and 2022, and the density of coca fields

Limits: Opened by the second reader on 2026-10-09 on the United Nations' Bolivia site and read as extracted text: Table 2 (coca by province, 2012 to 2022), the table by municipality for 2021 and 2022 and the paragraphs around them, of a report of 106 pages. It measures coca and nothing else: it does not mention coffee, and does not record what a coca field replaced. Province boundaries were redrawn from 2019 and the report restates 2018 for comparison. The printed day of publication is not given; the month is October 2023 and the day is recorded as the first.

Last checked October 2026.

कफीको तथ्याङ्क (Coffee in statistics) — National Tea and Coffee Development Board, Government of Nepal

Used for: the board's table of coffee plantation area, green-bean production, exports and imports by quantity and value for twelve Nepali fiscal years

Limits: One table on one web page, read in full; its column headings are in English and it carries no notes. Years are Bikram Sambat fiscal years and the page gives no Gregorian equivalents. It does not say how area or production is measured, nor whether the area is planted or bearing. One import quantity (1,262,409 kilograms in 2075/76) is about five times its neighbours while its value is not, and one (443000 in 2080/081) is plainly rounded. A peer-reviewed review that cites the board gives a different area and production for the year it calls 2019/20.

Last checked October 2026.

नेपाली कफीको इतिहास (History of Nepali coffee) and नेपाली कफी वारे (About Nepali coffee) — National Tea and Coffee Development Board, Government of Nepal

Used for: the board's own short account of how coffee came to Nepal and spread, the districts it names, and its description of the varieties grown, the altitude, how the fruit is pulped and where the coffee is exported

Limits: Two short undated pages in Nepali, each of three or four paragraphs, read in full and translated by CoffeeHQ; the second is at teacoffee.gov.np/pages/about-nepali-coffee-13/. The board words the 1938 introduction as what 'is believed', and gives dates in Bikram Sambat. The description page is promotional: its statements that all Nepali coffee is Typica and Bourbon and that nearly all of it is organic are the board's general claims, with no survey behind them on the page, and a 2023 paper lists other varieties in the national research collection. The page's remarks about the coffee's aroma are not used.

Last checked October 2026.

कफीको न्यूनतम् सहमत मूल्य (Minimum agreed price of coffee) — National Tea and Coffee Development Board, Government of Nepal

Used for: the minimum agreed price set in each of eleven years for fresh cherry, parchment and dry cherry, each in two grades

Limits: One table, read in full; the row labels are in Nepali and some figures are in Devanagari numerals, transcribed by CoffeeHQ. The page prints no unit and no currency, does not say who agrees the price or whether anyone is bound by it, and does not define grades A and B. A minimum agreed price is not what growers were paid.

Last checked October 2026.

National Agricultural Research and Extension Institute: Annual Report 2015 — National Agricultural Research and Extension Institute (NAREI), Guyana; laid before the National Assembly, 2015

Used for: the institute's research and extension work in 2015, with an appendix of crop acreage and production by quarter for some sixty crops, coffee among them

Limits: A report of some 160 pages, searched for coffee and Liberica: coffee appears only as one row of Appendix IV, and that row and the table's heading were read. The appendix prints no units for acreage or production, gives no region and does not say what form of coffee is counted. The fourth-quarter production cell for coffee is empty, so the 2015 total is three quarters added up. The report says nothing about species, the Pomeroon or how coffee is grown. The date recorded is the end of the year reported on, not the day it was laid.

Last checked October 2026.

Report of the World Heritage Committee, twenty-fourth session, Cairns, Australia, 27 November to 2 December 2000 (WHC-2000/CONF.204/21) — UNESCO World Heritage Committee, 2001

Used for: The Committee's decision to inscribe the Archaeological Landscape of the First Coffee Plantations in the Southeast of Cuba (property 1008) on the World Heritage List, the criteria, and the delegates' remark recorded with it

Limits: Opened at the second reading of the Cuba entry. Only the entry for property 1008 in the section on cultural properties inscribed was read, with the title page for the session's place and dates; the rest of a long report was not. The entry gives the name, the number, the criteria (iii) and (iv) with their wording, and one sentence on what some delegates said. The record's date is the date printed on the report and was not checked against a second document. UNESCO's list page for the property returned HTTP 403 and was not read.

Last checked October 2026.

President's report: Proposed financing, Republic of Cuba, Agroforestry Cooperative Development Project (EB 2019/LOT/P.1/Rev.1) — International Fund for Agricultural Development, 2019

Used for: why coffee and cocoa were chosen for a project in eastern Cuba: coffee's place in the basic food basket, imports and exports in outline, the share of national coffee grown in four provinces, the kinds of cooperative that grow it, women's share of membership, baseline and target yields for arabica and robusta, hurricane exposure and the environmental risks of wet pulping

Limits: Seventeen pages, as extracted text. Read: paragraphs 1 to 26 and 39 of the English text, the project description in the Spanish appendix and the coffee rows of the logical framework. The financing tables were not read. A lender's summary written with the Cuban Ministry of Agriculture, not a sector study: it gives no national production, area or grower count, and its yield figures are a project baseline and targets, in tonnes a hectare in production, without a stated year. The longer project design report could not be found.

Last checked October 2026.

Publication of an application pursuant to Article 50(2)(a) of Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012: single document, Kafae Doi Chaang (2014/C 49/08) — European Commission, Official Journal of the European Union, 2014

Used for: the specification summary for the Thai geographical indication Kafae Doi Chaang: the defined area, its altitude band, the arabica varieties named, flowering and harvest months, the wet method step by step, drying, grades and the applicant's account of the link between place and product

Limits: Read in full in English, from the Publications Office's copy of Official Journal C 49, page 8. It is the applicant's own description, published so that it could be opposed, and it is written partly as sales copy: its statements about flavour, caffeine and quality are the applicant's claims and are not used. It defines a name's rules and area and gives no production, area planted or number of growers. The EUR-Lex pages and the Commission's register did not open; the registration itself was read in the implementing regulation, from another host.

Last checked October 2026.

Publication of an application pursuant to Article 50(2)(a) of Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012: single document, Kafae Doi Tung (2014/C 48/06) — European Commission, Official Journal of the European Union, 2014

Used for: the specification summary for the Thai geographical indication Kafae Doi Tung: the defined area and its size, altitude band, the arabica varieties named, harvest months, the wet method as the project's factory carries it out, grades, control by the Mae Fah Luang Foundation, the Thai registration of 2006 and the applicant's account of coffee as a substitute for opium poppy

Limits: Read in full in English, from the Publications Office's copy of Official Journal C 48, page 14. The applicant's own description: the history it gives of the project, and its statements about jobs, income and flavour, are the project's account of itself. It defines a name's rules and area and gives no production or number of growers. Thailand's own register of geographical indications was not opened; the Thai registration of 2006 is taken from this document.

Last checked October 2026.

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1135 of 9 July 2015 entering a name in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications (Kafae Doi Chaang (PGI)) — European Commission, 2015

Used for: the entry of the name Kafae Doi Chaang in the European Union's register as a protected geographical indication, with the reference to the published application

Limits: Read in full: two recitals and two articles. Read on the United Kingdom's legislation site, which holds the text as adopted; EUR-Lex returned an empty page. It records the registration and nothing about the coffee. Whether the name is still on the register today was not checked.

Last checked October 2026.

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1134 of 9 July 2015 entering a name in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications (Kafae Doi Tung (PGI)) — European Commission, 2015

Used for: the entry of the name Kafae Doi Tung in the European Union's register as a protected geographical indication, with the reference to the published application

Limits: Read in full: two recitals and two articles. Read on the United Kingdom's legislation site, which holds the text as adopted; EUR-Lex returned an empty page. It records the registration and nothing about the coffee. Whether the name is still on the register today was not checked.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee Production Status and Potential of Organic Arabica Coffee in Thailand, in: The First Asian Regional Round-table on Sustainable, Organic and Speciality Coffee Production, Processing and Marketing (RAP Publication 2001) — Pongsak Angkasith, Chiang Mai University — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, with the Royal Project Foundation, 2001

Used for: Thai coffee at the turn of the century: robusta in six southern provinces and arabica in the northern highlands, production, area and yield by region for 1995 and 1998, exports and domestic use, the crop-replacement project of 1972 to 1979, the varieties introduced, growing systems, the wet method, the arabica grading system of 1985 and how arabica was priced

Limits: Read in full, as the FAO's web edition of the proceedings; the meeting was held in Chiang Mai from 26 to 28 February 2001 and the publication day is recorded as its first day. A conference paper by a university author working with the Royal Project, carrying the note that opinions are the author's. Its tables are credited to Thai ministries that were not read at first hand. It does not agree with itself on arabica production: 500 tonnes in the abstract, 800 to 850 in the introduction, 730 for the north in 1998 in its table. Its world-production row is mislabelled in millions of tonnes. A quarter of a century old: nothing in it describes the present.

Last checked October 2026.

Selecting and Screening Arabica Coffee for Rust Resistance (abstract), in: The First Asian Regional Round-table on Sustainable, Organic and Speciality Coffee Production, Processing and Marketing (RAP Publication 2001) — Arporn Tummakate, Royal Project Foundation — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, with the Royal Project Foundation, 2001

Used for: how arabica reached northern Thailand and was selected for rust resistance: the 1957 introductions from Brazil, leaf rust on them, the 26 lines received through the USDA in 1974 from the Portuguese rust research centre, the trial villages, selection from 1979 and the four lines judged promising

Limits: Read in full, but it is an abstract of about five hundred words, not the paper; the proceedings say the presentation gave more detail. Written by a member of the Royal Project Foundation about the foundation's own programme. It names breeding lines by number and does not say which, if any, were released to growers or under what names.

Last checked October 2026.

คู่มือเทคโนโลยีการผลิตกาแฟโรบัสตา (Robusta coffee production technology manual) — Horticultural Research Institute, Department of Agriculture, Thailand, 2024

Used for: the Thai Department of Agriculture's advice to robusta growers, with its statement of the crop's decline: robusta area and production in 2023, the south's share, the domestic industry's demand, imports in 2023, the five recommended Chumphon varieties, site and climate limits, fertiliser timing, picking and the dry method

Limits: Thirty-six pages in Thai, as extracted text in which some vowel marks are dropped. Read: the foreword, the variety table, the site and climate section, the fertiliser calendar and the harvest and processing section. The chapters on propagation, pruning, pests and bean standards were not read. Its figures are credited to the Office of Agricultural Economics, whose own tables were not opened. It is a robusta manual and gives no arabica figure. The printed month is August of the Buddhist year 2567; the day is recorded as the first.

Last checked October 2026.

คู่มือ การป้องกันกำจัดมอดเจาะผลกาแฟแบบผสมผสาน (Handbook: integrated control of the coffee berry borer) — Lampang Agricultural Research and Development Centre, Department of Agriculture, Thailand, 2026

Used for: a Thai Department of Agriculture handbook on the coffee berry borer whose foreword and opening chapter reprint the Office of Agricultural Economics' national coffee figures: bearing area and production for 2023 by species, the share of bearing area by region, a table of standing area, bearing area, production and yield for 2018 to 2023, and the office's stated reasons for an expected fall in 2024

Limits: Opened by the second reader on 2026-10-09 and read in Thai from extracted text. Read: the foreword and the section on Thai production with its Table 1. The chapters on the insect and its control were not read. The figures are credited to the Office of Agricultural Economics (2567), whose own tables were not opened, so this is the statistics office as a second Department of Agriculture publication reprints it. The foreword gives 16,574 tonnes for 2023 (arabica 7,991, robusta 8,583); the chapter gives 16,575 (7,992 and 8,582); the table prints 16,575. The areas are 'bearing area', not planted area.

Last checked October 2026.

Cosecha de café en las principales provincias y comarca indígena de la República: años agrícolas 2018/19 a 2022/23 (Cuadro 1), with the accompanying Comentario — Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo, Contraloría General de la República de Panamá, 2023

Used for: Panama's coffee harvest in milled quintals for five agricultural years, by province and for the Ngäbe-Buglé comarca, with the institute's commentary on the 2022/23 result

Limits: Read in full: the one-page table and the one-page commentary (https://www.inec.gob.pa/archivos/P053342420231101094332Comentarios.pdf), as extracted text; the publication date is taken from the file names. The 2021/22 row is flagged as estimated and the 2022/23 row as preliminary. The unit is the milled quintal (quintal pilado) and the table gives no conversion to kilograms. The 2022/23 figures come from the administrative records of coffee mills, the commentary says. An earlier edition's explanatory note (2016/17) was also read: it says the survey covers selected provinces only and that the census total is higher. No later edition was found. The table does not separate arabica from robusta and gives no area.

Last checked October 2026.

Análisis prospectivo de oportunidades de desarrollo e inversión para la cadena de valor del café en Panamá — Edwin Castillo Vílchez (consultant) — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, with the Autoridad para la Atracción de Inversiones y la Promoción de Exportaciones (PROPANAMA), 2023

Used for: Panama's coffee area, harvest and growers by province for 2021-22 as reported by the agriculture ministry, exports and their destinations, the coffee districts of Chiriquí and their farm sizes, by-products, tourism, and a strengths-and-weaknesses analysis of the sector including labour and robusta

Limits: A 48-page study in Spanish, read as extracted text: sections 1 to 3, 5 to 7 and the strengths-and-weaknesses tables in full, the sections on by-products and investment law skimmed. Its figures on area, harvest and growers are the agriculture ministry's, quoted from a ministry projection document that was not opened. Charts are images and their values were not read. Only the year of publication is known; the record's date is a placeholder for 2023. Its one sentence on the history of Geisha (identified first in Panama, then traced back to Ethiopia) does not agree with the World Coffee Research catalogue and is not used.

Last checked October 2026.

The Coffee Industry Regulations, 1953 (made under section 7 of the Coffee Industry Regulation Act) — Coffee Industry Board of Jamaica; text held by FAOLEX, 1953

Used for: The legal definition of blue mountain coffee and blue mountain blend, the Blue Mountain area described as a boundary, the named coffee works, the licensing of dealers and works, the Board's monopoly of export and the ban on trading in green berries

Limits: Read in full: six pages, a scan whose extracted text has many character errors, so every passage used was read against its context. The amending notices are listed in the margin and not individually dated in the text. This is the consolidated text of 1984, not the regulations as first made, so it cannot show when the definition or the 20 per cent blend rule was introduced. The Act itself was not opened. Superseded by regulations of 2018.

Last checked October 2026.

The Jamaica Agricultural Commodities Regulatory Authority Regulations, 2018 — Government of Jamaica; Jamaica Gazette Supplement, 2 March 2018; text held by FAOLEX, 2018

Used for: The legal definitions of Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee, Jamaica High Mountain Supreme Coffee and their blends, the Blue Mountain area of Jamaica as a boundary in the First Schedule, the offence of using the names without authority, and the authority's custody of coffee approved for export

Limits: Two copies were downloaded, the FAOLEX text and the Gazette copy on the industry's own website (jamaicacoffee.org), 58 and 69 pages. Read: the interpretation section, regulations 20 to 23, and the First Schedule, in both copies, which agree; the licensing forms that fill most of the document were not read. The regulations were made on 10 January 2018 and affirmed by both Houses. Whether they have been amended since was not checked. The parent Act of 2017 was not opened. The definitions name no parish and no elevation.

Last checked October 2026.

The Jamaica Agricultural Commodities Regulatory Authority (Cess) Regulations, 2018 — Government of Jamaica; text held by FAOLEX, 2018

Used for: The levy on coffee: per kilogram of green beans exported by class, per box of cherry coffee produced or bought, and on imported coffee

Limits: Six pages, read in full as extracted text. Only the year is known; the record's date is a placeholder for 2018. The rates are those of the schedule as made, and the Minister may set others; whether they are current was not checked. The schedule does not say how much a box holds.

Last checked October 2026.

The Coffee Industry Regulation Act (Jamaica), 9 December 1948, consolidated text — Government of Jamaica; text held by FAOLEX, 1948

Used for: The Act that established the Coffee Industry Board and gave it power to make regulations, license works and dealers and impose a cess; its penalty clauses, including that for representing other coffee as Blue Mountain Coffee; and its definition of a box of coffee berries by internal measurements

Limits: Opened at the second reading of the Jamaica entry: seventeen pages, a scan read as extracted text and searched in full for mountain, parish, elevation, altitude and feet. It is the consolidated text of 1999, not the Act as passed, so it cannot show what the Act said in 1948 beyond its date. It contains no definition of the Blue Mountain area and no elevation. The box of coffee berries is defined (35.56 by 48.26 by 24.765 centimetres, internal) only for the penalty provisions of section 7(2), and by volume, not weight. Repealed by the Jamaica Agricultural Commodities Regulatory Authority Act, 2017.

Last checked October 2026.

The Jamaica Agricultural Commodities Regulatory Authority Act, 2017 — Parliament of Jamaica; text held by FAOLEX, 2017

Used for: The Act establishing the regulator for coffee, cocoa, coconut and spices: its definitions of coffee and coffee blend, its licensing powers, its power to make regulations, and the Eighth Schedule repealing the Coffee Industry Regulation Act

Limits: Opened at the second reading of the Jamaica entry: fifty pages, the assented copy as scanned, read as extracted text; the interpretation section and the repeal schedule were read and the whole was searched for mountain, elevation, altitude, feet and parish. The record's date is the date of text FAOLEX gives, 14 March 2017; the commencement date was not found. The Act does not mention the Blue Mountain or High Mountain names at all; those are in the regulations of 2018. Amendments after 2017 were not looked for.

Last checked October 2026.

In Search of a Perfect Cup (IP Advantage case study on Jamaica Blue Mountain coffee) — World Intellectual Property Organization, 2010

Used for: The Central Coffee Clearing House of 1944, the Coffee Industry Board of 1950, the certification marks registered abroad, the Geographical Indications Act of 2004, and the three classes of coffee the Board sold

Limits: A short case study, read in full. It is promotional in tone and its descriptions of flavour are not used. It says coffee was introduced in 1728, where a 1922 trade history says 1730. It says the regulations restrict the name to coffee grown between 3,000 and 5,500 feet in four parishes; the regulations as opened contain no elevation and name no parish. The publication date is the one a reading tool reported for the page and was not confirmed in the page's own text.

Last checked October 2026.

JICA has fostered JJ partnership (Jamaica Office blog) — Kawasaki Mitsuyoshi, Resident Representative — Japan International Cooperation Agency, 2024

Used for: Japan's development cooperation in Jamaican coffee: a survey of 1981 to 1982, a pilot project from 1983, a yen loan signed in April 1984 and completed in April 1997, and the statement that Japan takes about 70 per cent of Blue Mountain exports

Limits: A blog post by the agency's representative, read through a reading tool that returned its coffee passages; the page itself was not saved. The 70 per cent is given without a year or a source. The post names UCC Ueshima Coffee and a local company it set up in March 1982.

Last checked October 2026.

$132 Million Spent to Rehabilitate Coffee Sector — Jamaica Information Service, 2026

Used for: The regulator's acting director general on spending after Hurricane Melissa, Blue Mountain production in 2025 against its projection, the number of High Mountain farmers, and the trademarks the authority owns

Limits: A government news release reporting an official's remarks, read in full. It describes the coffee-producing period as running 'from July to August', which is probably a slip for a crop year; the figure is therefore quoted only as the 2025 figure the official gave. The regulator's own statistics were not found.

Last checked October 2026.

Agriculture Sector Sustains $4.73b in Losses from Hurricane Beryl's Passage — Jamaica Information Service, 2024

Used for: The agriculture minister's statement to the House of Representatives on 16 July 2024, including the estimated damage to coffee farms and the boxes lost

Limits: A government news release, read in full; the coffee passage is one sentence. An early estimate made within two weeks of the hurricane. Money is in Jamaican dollars.

Last checked October 2026.

Angola's Agricultural Economy in Brief (Foreign Agricultural Economic Report No. 139) — Herbert H. Steiner — United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1977

Used for: Angola's agriculture as it stood just before independence in November 1975: the coffee area, plantations and small farms counted in the 1971/72 agricultural census, the two coffee zones and how each processed its crop, plantation labour, arabica's share, the harvest season, the Angola Coffee Institute, and coffee exports by quantity and value from 1963-65 to 1975

Limits: A scanned report read as machine-recognised text: the abstract, the summary, the history section, the passage on people, the whole coffee section, the marketing and trade sections and Table 3 (exports) were read; the sections on other crops, livestock and climate were not. The recognition is imperfect, and one year in the text is garbled where the census is named a second time. A United States government economist's summary written two years after independence from Portuguese statistics and the 1971/72 census, which it cites and CoffeeHQ has not opened. Its export figure for 1975 is marked as from the FAO trade yearbook. It says forced labour was abolished after 1961 in one sentence and describes plantation workers only as migrants from the central plateau. The month is recorded as printed, September 1977; the day is not given.

Last checked October 2026.

Angola: A Country Study — Collelo T (editor) — Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, 1991

Used for: Angola's history and economy to the late 1980s: forced labour and when it was abolished, Portuguese settlement and the coffee plantations after the Second World War, migrant labour on contract to the coffee plantations of Uíge and Cuanza Norte, the uprisings of 1961, the abandonment of plantations at independence, state farms, and the state of cash-crop agriculture in 1988

Limits: Read on a mirror site that reproduces the Library of Congress text by section and prints no publication date on the sections; the latest year the sections read refer to is 1988. A second reading on 2026-10-09 identified the edition: the mirror's acknowledgements name the 1979 edition edited by Irving Kaplan as its predecessor, and library catalogue records give the third edition, edited by Thomas Collelo, research completed February 1989, published 1991 (the year only is known; the Library of Congress's own record would not open). Fourteen sections were read in full (Angola under the New State, Salazar's racial politics, Roots of discontent, Beginning of revolution, Ovimbundu, Bakongo, Background to economic development, Structure of the economy, Foreign trade, Labor force, Agriculture and four others); the rest of the book was not. The mirror's Agriculture section has no separate passage on coffee, so the study's own coffee statistics, if it has any, were not seen. A synthesis from secondary literature with no footnotes in the text as mirrored: the figure of up to 100,000 Ovimbundu contract migrants and the casualty estimates for 1961 are the study's, unsourced.

Last checked October 2026.

Post Harvest Handling and Processing of Coffee in African Countries — Joackim Mutua — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, AGSI, 2000

Used for: one-paragraph accounts of species and processing method for twenty-four African producers, a table of production by exporting country for crop years 1994/95 to 1999/2000 credited to the International Coffee Organization, a table of green coffee exports for 1988 to 1998, and one-box profiles of fifteen African producers giving species, growing area, harvest months and preparation

Limits: Read as web pages: section 3.2 for Angola, Malawi and Zimbabwe, Annex 1 (production), Annex 2 (exports) and Annex 4 (profiles) for Angola, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe; the rest only skimmed. The document does not agree with itself. Its text says the profiles give production for crop year 1999/2000, but the profile figure matches the production table's 1999 column only for Zambia: Angola's 85,000 bags is the table's 1998 figure, Malawi's 61,000 its 1997 figure, and Zimbabwe's 189,000 appears nowhere in the table. The export table is marked only as copyright FAO and names no source; its Zimbabwe figure for 1990 is three to five times the years either side. The harvest months in the profiles are unsourced, and Malawi's (December to February) disagrees with a Malawian survey. The month is recorded as printed, December 2000.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee Production in the Northern and Northwestern Provinces, Zambia: Project Findings and Recommendations (AG:DP/ZAM/79/002, Terminal Report) — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, for the United Nations Development Programme, 1987

Used for: how Zambia's coffee development was organised between 1980 and 1985, the research station's variety trials and recommended selections, seed distributed by province, small growers and plantings by province in 1984-85, national production for three seasons, the first quota and the first exports, and the recommendation to produce fully washed coffee

Limits: A scanned report read in full as machine-recognised text, apart from the staff and equipment appendices; a few words are garbled and one place name in the list of objectives is unreadable. The project's own account of its work, written for the government it advised. It gives national production as one figure for all growers and does not say how much came from the estates the World Bank was financing, which it was not responsible for. Its planting table's hectares follow from the tree counts at 2,000 trees a hectare. The year is recorded as printed, 1987; the day and month are not given.

Last checked October 2026.

External Trade Statistics Timor-Leste 2024 — National Institute of Statistics of Timor-Leste (INETL, I.P.), Ministry of Finance, 2025

Used for: Timor-Leste's merchandise trade, including coffee exports by value and weight for each month of 2019 to 2024 and by country of destination for 2024, and coffee's place beside oil and other exports

Limits: Read from a copy of the institute's annual publication hosted by the Dili research organisation La'o Hamutuk, not from the institute's own server; the publication date is the file's creation date. Read: the key statistics table, Table 7 (coffee exports by destination, 2024), Table 8 (coffee exports by month) and the table of non-oil exports by commodity, as extracted text, with the two coffee tables also checked against page images because their titles are not in the text layer. Customs statistics of exports, which are not production: they count green, roasted and ground coffee together and say nothing of the harvest a shipment came from. Table 8's title says 2020 to 2024 and the table carries 2019 as well; its quantity unit is not printed in the legible part of the title and is taken as thousand kilograms because the 2024 total matches Table 7. Rows add up to within one or two units of printed totals.

Last checked October 2026.

Timor-Leste Agriculture Census 2019: National Report on Final Census Results — General Directorate of Statistics (Ministry of Finance) and Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Timor-Leste, 2020

Used for: crops grown by household agricultural holdings in Timor-Leste and the area under each, including coffee; equipment used, including coffee pulping machines; fertiliser, plant protection and planting material by crop

Limits: A report of more than 200 pages; read only where it mentions coffee: the summary of key findings, the section on crops grown and area cultivated with its chart, the section on equipment, and the coffee rows of annex tables A.14, A.18, A.19 and A.20, as extracted text. Covers household holdings only, and measures gross area, so land carrying two crops is counted for each. It gives no coffee production, no yield and, as far as the passages read go, no count of coffee-growing households. The coffee row of Table A.14 has seven filled cells under eight size-class headings, and which heading is empty was judged from the text layout. The publication day is not given; October 2020 is the date on the report.

Last checked October 2026.

Concept Paper, Proposed Grant. Timor-Leste: Innovative Partnerships for Coffee and Agroforestry Development (Project Number 51296-001) — Asian Development Bank, 2018

Used for: the state of Timor-Leste's coffee sector in 2018: its history from the 1860s, the agroforestry system it is grown in, yields, land tenure, training, quality and markets, the trade association formed in 2016, and poverty and gender in coffee-growing municipalities

Limits: Read in full as extracted text: 12 pages with three appendices. Read from a copy held by an early-warning database of development projects, not from the bank's own site; the paper's cover gives project number 51296-001 and the file name 51396-001. A project concept paper, written to justify a grant, so its account of the sector's weaknesses serves that purpose. Its history paragraph rests on a study by Shepherd and McWilliam (2013) and its household findings on Inder and others (2013); its yield figure is the bank's staff estimate. Its municipal figures are reprinted from the 2015 population census and a 2014 poverty study, neither of which was opened.

Last checked October 2026.

OpenSTAT: Non-Food and Industrial Crops, Volume of Production (table 0072E4EVCP1) and Area Planted/Harvested (table 0092E4EAHM1), by Region, Province, Quarter and Semester, 2010-2026 — Philippine Statistics Authority, 2026

Used for: Philippine coffee production in green coffee beans and, until 2022, in dried berries, and the area planted, each for coffee as a whole and for the four kinds the Authority reports (Arabica, Excelsa, Liberica, Robusta), by region and province, by quarter and by year

Limits: Downloaded through the database's own interface as two extracts (all coffee rows, all places, 2019 to 2025): the production table as updated on 28 August 2026 and the area table as updated on 1 September 2026. The tables carry no flag saying whether a year is preliminary or final, and the Authority revises them. 'Arabica', 'Excelsa', 'Liberica' and 'Robusta' are the Authority's own reporting categories; nothing in the tables says how a farm's trees were identified, and the Authority's technical notes were not found. From 2019 to 2021 the green-bean figure is exactly half the dried-berry figure, which shows a fixed conversion rather than a separate measurement; dried-berry reporting stops from the third quarter of 2023. Regional boundaries changed in 2024 (a separate Negros Island Region, wider coverage in the Bangsamoro region) and in 2026, so regional series are not comparable across those years. Regional rows add up to within 0.01 of a tonne of the national figure.

Last checked October 2026.

Philippine Coffee Industry Roadmap 2021-2025 — Department of Agriculture, High Value Crops Development Program; published by the Bureau of Agricultural Research through the UPLB Foundation, 2022

Used for: the Philippine government's account of its coffee industry in 2020 and its plan to 2025: the four types grown and their shares, regions, farm size, yields, harvesting and processing practice, manufacturers, consumption, imports and self-sufficiency

Limits: A document of about 150 pages; read as extracted text: the executive summary, introduction, the whole of 'Industry situation and outlook', and the passages on harvesting, processing, the market and the strengths and weaknesses table, the last three located by searching. The strategy matrices and cost tables were not read. Copyright 2022; the date given is the file's creation date. It is a planning document that argues for investment. It does not agree with itself on the shares of the four types: one passage gives Robusta 66 per cent, Arabica 25, Excelsa 8 and Liberica 1, and another 76.5, 16.7, 5.7 and 1.1 for 2020, while the tonnages printed beside the second set work out at about 69, 24, 6 and 1. It gives self-sufficiency as 15 per cent and the imported share as 81 per cent in the same paragraph. One chart label prints Arabica's tonnage with a wrong first digit. CoffeeHQ uses its tonnages, which match the statistics authority's, and its descriptions of practice, and does not use its percentages.

Last checked October 2026.

Publication of an application pursuant to Article 50(2)(a) of Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012: single document, 'Kopi Arabika Gayo' (EU No PGI-ID-02115), 2016/C 403/07 — European Commission, Official Journal of the European Union, 2016

Used for: what the protected geographical indication Kopi Arabika Gayo covers: the three districts and the altitude band, the species and five named varieties, wet hulling and the moisture figures, the steps that must happen in the area, bagging and labelling, and the applicant's account of the link to the area including the two harvest peaks

Limits: Read in full as the English text of OJ C 403, 1.11.2016, p. 5, fetched from the Publications Office of the EU; EUR-Lex itself would not serve the page. It is the single document as published for opposition, which is a summary of the specification, and CoffeeHQ has not checked the register for later amendments. The sections on the link to the area are the applicant's own case: the flavour descriptors, the soil and shade claims and the statement that only arabica grows in the Gayo Highland are assertions made to obtain registration, not measurements. The 900 to 1,700 metre band is a condition of the name. Its map is an image and was not read.

Last checked October 2026.

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/870 of 15 May 2017 entering a name in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications (Kopi Arabika Gayo (PGI)) — European Commission, Official Journal of the European Union, 2017

Used for: the act that registered Kopi Arabika Gayo as a protected geographical indication in the European Union: its date, product class, and the statement that no opposition was received

Limits: Two articles and two recitals, read in full in the English text from the Publications Office of the EU (OJ L 134, 23.5.2017, p. 2). It registers the name and points to the published application; it contains none of the rules. Adopted 15 May 2017, published 23 May, in force twenty days after publication.

Last checked October 2026.

Application for the registration of the Protected Geographical Indication Kopi Arabika Gayo (product specification, version 9, 10 July 2016) — Yayasan Masyarakat Perlindungan Kopi Gayo (MPKG), Takengon, 2016

Used for: the full specification behind the Gayo indication: the applicant body and its membership, the Indonesian registration of 2010, the defined area, permitted varieties, cultivation rules, each processing step with its figures, harvest months, storage, grading, controls and traceability, labelling, and the applicant's history of coffee in the Gayo Highland

Limits: A document of about 70 pages, read as extracted text: sections I to IV (pages 4 to 47) in full, the annexes only by their headings. It is the copy the United Kingdom government publishes for its own register of the name, and CoffeeHQ has not confirmed that version 9 is the text finally lodged with the European Commission. Written by the producers' body to obtain protection, so its account of quality, soil and tradition is advocacy. It does not agree with itself on several figures: the moisture at which parchment is hulled is given as 35 to 40 per cent, as 40 to 45 per cent and as 25 to 30 per cent in different passages; fermentation as 12 or 24 hours in one place and 12 or 36 in two others; the permitted share of yellow fruit as 15 per cent and as 5 per cent; and the export defect standard as fewer than 11 per 300 grams and as fewer than 5 per 350 grams. It describes a two-month storage as a minimum 'length of fermentation' in one passage. Its membership and area figures are the applicant's own, undated beyond '2015', and its total of more than 100,000 hectares is not reconciled with the 12,996 hectares its members manage. Maps, photographs and the Indonesian certificate are images and were not read.

Last checked October 2026.

The Coffee War: Ethiopia and the Starbucks Story (IP Advantage case study) — World Intellectual Property Organization, 2010

Used for: the Ethiopian Coffee Trademarking and Licensing Initiative: why trademarks were chosen over geographical indications, who owns the marks, where they were registered, the objections in the United States and their outcome, the royalty-free licence and the number of licensees

Limits: Read in full as the page's own text; the date is the page's 'last update'. It is a case study written to show intellectual property working, and it relies heavily on one official, the then head of the Ethiopian Intellectual Property Office. Its figures for farmers' incomes, retail shares and expected export earnings are claims and projections and are not used on CoffeeHQ. It dates the agreement with Starbucks and the reversal on Harar to 2006; the organisation's own magazine, a year after the events, places both in 2007. It says nothing after 2009, so it cannot show which registrations or licences are in force today, and it does not mention Guji.

Last checked October 2026.

Making the Origin Count: Two Coffees — Elizabeth March — World Intellectual Property Organization, WIPO Magazine, 2007

Used for: two national strategies for protecting coffee names as told at WIPO's 2007 symposium: Ethiopia's trademarks for Harrar, Sidamo and Yirgacheffe, and Colombia's path from the Juan Valdez mark through certification marks to a geographical indication

Limits: Read in full. A magazine article built on interviews with the two officials who ran the strategies, so each half is its subject's own account. It counts 34 countries applied to and 28 titles granted by mid-2007 without listing them. Written while the Sidamo application in the United States was still pending. Its consumer-awareness percentages for Colombia come from a survey the federation commissioned.

Last checked October 2026.

Trademark Status and Document Retrieval: YIRGACHEFFE (registration 3126053, serial 78589325) and SIDAMO (registration 3381739, serial 78589307) — United States Patent and Trademark Office

Used for: the United States register entries for two Ethiopian coffee names: mark type, owner, filing and registration dates, goods, and current status

Limits: Two status pages read in full as served on 9 October 2026 (the second at /statusview/sn78589307). Both show a standard-character trademark on the Principal Register for 'coffee' in class 30, owned by the Government of Ethiopia as a national government, live and renewed. They are trademarks, not certification marks. The pages for the Harrar and Harar applications were refused by the server and were not read, so nothing is taken from this source about them. A status page shows the register today; it does not show the examination history.

Last checked October 2026.

Denominaciones de origen: Café de Colombia, Café de Nariño, Café de Cauca, Café del Huila, Café de Santander, Café de Tolima, Café de la Sierra Nevada (register pages) — Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio, Colombia

Used for: for each of Colombia's seven protected coffee denominations of origin: the resolution and date that declared it, the body delegated to authorise its use, the file number, the product description and the delimited geographical area with its municipalities and altitude band

Limits: Seven pages of the national industrial property office, one for each denomination, each read in full; the index lists no other coffee denomination, and none for Antioquia. They are the office's summaries of its own resolutions. The resolutions themselves (4819 of 2005, 6093 and 41788 of 2011, 17989 of 2013, 50042 of 2014, 2458 and 2484 of 2017) and the federation's regulations of use were not obtained, so anything the summaries leave out, such as varieties, is not known to CoffeeHQ. The municipality lists are reproduced as typed and carry slips: the Nariño list splits one municipality's name in two and misspells others. The cup descriptions are the wording of the protection, not tasting evidence. The page is headed 'Café del Huila' while the federation's own page also writes 'Café de Huila'.

Last checked October 2026.

Concepto 14-133047: denominación de origen, generalidades y Café del Huila — Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio, Oficina Asesora Jurídica, Colombia, 2014

Used for: how a denomination of origin works in Colombian law: the Andean Community rule that defines it, who may apply, that the State is the holder and may delegate its administration, and that resolution 17989 of 2013 decided the application for Café del Huila made by the federation for the national coffee fund

Limits: A legal opinion of about seven pages answering one citizen's question; pages 1 to 4 were read in full and the rest skimmed. An opinion of this kind is advisory and does not bind the office. It confirms that the Huila resolution exists and who applied; it does not reproduce the resolution's terms.

Last checked October 2026.

Regional Designations of Origin (Denominación de Origen Regional) — Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia

Used for: the federation's own account of the six regional denominations it administers (Cauca, Tolima, Huila, Nariño, Santander, Sierra Nevada): the resolution that declared each, the resolution that delegated authorisation to the federation, and how a company obtains authorisation

Limits: The English and Spanish versions of one page and the linked one-page guide to the authorisation process, read in full. Primary for what the administering body says it does; promotional for everything else. Its explanations of why each region's coffee tastes as described are assertions and are not used. The 'regulation of use' it mentions for each denomination is not linked as a document and was not read. The Spanish page's Huila and Tolima paragraphs each name the wrong department in one sentence.

Last checked October 2026.

Publication of an application pursuant to Article 6(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 510/2006: summary, 'Café de Colombia' (EC No CO/PGI/0467), 2006/C 320/09 — European Commission, Official Journal of the European Union, 2006

Used for: what the protected geographical indication Café de Colombia covers: the applicant and inspection body, the species and named varieties, the geographical area by altitude and coordinates, the wet process, traceability, and the Colombian resolution of 2005 on which it rests

Limits: Read in full in the English text of OJ C 320, 28.12.2006, p. 17, fetched from the Publications Office of the EU. It is a summary drawn up for information; the full specification was not read, and later amendments to the registration were not checked. The variety list is the one current in 2005 and 2006. It covers the national name only and says nothing about any department. Its account of quality and reputation is the applicant's.

Last checked October 2026.

Commission Regulation (EC) No 1050/2007 of 12 September 2007 registering certain names in the Register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications (… Café de Colombia (PGI) …) — European Commission, Official Journal of the European Union, 2007

Used for: the act that registered Café de Colombia as a protected geographical indication in the European Union, with its date and product class

Limits: Read in full in the English text from the Publications Office of the EU (OJ L 240, 13.9.2007, p. 7). It registers four names in one act and contains none of their rules.

Last checked October 2026.

Quyết định số 31/2021/QĐ-UBND ban hành Quy chế quản lý, sử dụng chỉ dẫn địa lý “Buôn Ma Thuột” đối với sản phẩm cà phê Robusta — Ủy ban nhân dân tỉnh Đắk Lắk (People's Committee of Đắk Lắk Province), Vietnam, 2021

Used for: the rules in force for using the Buôn Ma Thuột geographical indication: the products it covers, their measurable characteristics, the wards and communes of the protected area, cultivation and harvest rules, the three permitted processing methods, who grants the right to use the name and how it is controlled

Limits: A provincial legal instrument in Vietnamese, read by CoffeeHQ in the original and not from an official translation; chapters I and II, articles 9, 10 and 14 to 16 and annex I were read closely, the remaining articles by their headings. Read on a commercial legal database that reproduces the decision, not on a government site, so the text has not been compared with the official gazette. It regulates use of the name; it is not the registration, whose number and date it does not give. It sets no altitude. Whether it has been amended since 2021, and how the 2025 reorganisation of Vietnam's provinces and communes affects its list of communes, was not checked.

Last checked October 2026.

Quyết định số 18/2010/QĐ-UBND ban hành Quy chế quản lý và sử dụng chỉ dẫn địa lý cà phê Buôn Ma Thuột đối với sản phẩm cà phê nhân Robusta — Ủy ban nhân dân tỉnh Đắk Lắk (People's Committee of Đắk Lắk Province), Vietnam, 2010

Used for: the first regulation on using the Buôn Ma Thuột geographical indication for green robusta: the registration decision it cites, the districts of the registered area, and the natural conditions it required, including altitude and soil

Limits: Repealed and replaced in 2021; cited for history only. Read in Vietnamese on a commercial legal database, and only articles 3 to 5 closely. It is the one document CoffeeHQ has read that names the registration: decision 896/QĐ-SHTT of 14 October 2005. The registration itself, issued by the national intellectual property office, was not obtained, and its number is taken from this citation alone.

Last checked October 2026.

Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam, Article 12.25 and Annex 12-A (List of Geographical Indications), Part B — European Union and Socialist Republic of Viet Nam, Official Journal of the European Union, 2020

Used for: the Vietnamese geographical indications the European Union undertakes to protect under the agreement, including 'Buôn Ma Thuột' for coffee beans

Limits: A treaty of more than 1,400 pages (OJ L 186, 12.6.2020, p. 3); only Article 12.25 and the head and first entries of Part B of Annex 12-A (p. 1304) were read, found by searching the extracted text. The entry is one line: number 3, 'Buôn Ma Thuột', product class 'Spices', description 'Coffee beans'. It gives no area, species or rule. Protection under a trade agreement is not an entry in the Union's own register of protected names.

Last checked October 2026.

Declaratoria General de Protección de la Denominación de Origen “Café Veracruz” — Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad Industrial, 2000

Used for: the declaration protecting 'Café Veracruz' as a Mexican denomination of origin: the applicant, the product, the geographical area, who holds the denomination and who may authorise its use

Limits: Read in full in Spanish as reproduced in WIPO Lex, not from the Diario Oficial itself. The date recorded is the date it was signed, 6 November 2000; the text does not carry its own publication date, and WIPO Lex's catalogue entry shows dates that belong to the Chiapas declaration. It is short: it defines the area as the whole State of Veracruz and leaves the product's characteristics and method to an official standard to be issued later, which CoffeeHQ has not read. It names no altitude, species or variety. Whether the denomination is in use, and whether a regulatory council operates, is not something this text can show.

Last checked October 2026.

Declaración General de Protección de la Denominación de Origen “Café Chiapas” — Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad Industrial, 2003

Used for: the declaration protecting 'Café Chiapas' as a Mexican denomination of origin: the applicant, the species, the named varieties and grades, the processing steps, the twelve regions and their municipalities, the altitude condition, and who holds the denomination

Limits: Read in full in Spanish as reproduced in WIPO Lex, not from the Diario Oficial itself; the publication date is the one WIPO Lex records and the text is signed 12 August 2003. The area, producer and employment figures in it are the applicant's, from a 1999 yearbook, and are not current. The text uses 'Café Chiapas' and 'Café de Chiapas' for the same name. It says final characteristics and methods will be those of an official standard to be issued; that standard was not read. Whether the denomination is in use today is not something this text can show.

Last checked October 2026.

Commission Decision (EU) 2022/796 of 12 May 2022 approving, on behalf of the European Union, an amendment to Annex XVIII to the Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and Central America, on the other — European Commission, Official Journal of the European Union, 2022

Used for: the Union's approval of adding 'Tarrazú', for coffee, from Costa Rica, and five Salvadoran coffee names, to the geographical indications protected under the EU–Central America Association Agreement

Limits: Read in full in the English text from the Publications Office of the EU (OJ L 141, 20.5.2022, p. 111). It approves a draft decision of the Association Council and attaches it; the adopted Council decision is a separate record, source-eu-central-america-association-council-decision-1-2022, read by the second reader on 2026-10-09. The entry is one line, 'Costa Rica, Tarrazú, Coffee', with no area or rule. The decision is dated 12 May 2022 and refers to a sub-committee meeting of 13 June 2022, an inconsistency in the text itself. It records that Costa Rica asked on 2 July 2020 and that the objection notice was published on 6 December 2021; that notice was not read.

Last checked October 2026.

Decision No 1/2022 of the EU-Central America Association Council of 23 June 2022 on the amendment to Annex XVIII ('Protected Geographical Indications') to the Agreement establishing the Association between the European Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and Central America, on the other [2022/1411] — EU-Central America Association Council, Official Journal of the European Union, 2022

Used for: the act that added 'Tarrazú', for coffee, from Costa Rica, and ten Salvadoran names, five of them coffees, to the geographical indications protected under the EU–Central America Association Agreement

Limits: Read in full in the English text from the Publications Office of the EU (OJ L 216, 19.8.2022, p. 22). Article 1 adds the annexed entries to Part B of Annex XVIII; the entry is one line, 'Costa Rica, Tarrazú, Coffee', with no area or rule. The decision is done at Brussels on 23 June 2022 and says both that it enters into force on the day of its adoption and that it is effective from the later of the parties' signatures, whose dates it does not give. The ELI address was not opened in a browser: EUR-Lex refused automated requests on the day, and the text was read from the Publications Office's own copy of the same Official Journal page.

Last checked October 2026.

El “Café Tarrazú” costarricense está protegido en 180 países (Boletín de noticias del exterior, nº 470) — Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Spain (agricultural attaché office, San José), 2021

Used for: a foreign ministry's digest of Costa Rican government announcements about the Café Tarrazú denomination of origin: the three cantons, the regulating council, the national certificate of February 2019 and the international certificate of 2021

Limits: One page, read in full. It is a Spanish government newsletter summarising press statements from Costa Rica's presidency and agriculture ministry, which CoffeeHQ could not open; it is not the registration, the specification or the registry's resolution, none of which was obtained. Its claim of protection 'in 180 countries' is the press release's and is not repeated. Its altitude statement describes one grade of coffee across the wider Los Santos zone, not a rule of the denomination, and is not used as one.

Last checked October 2026.

Publication of an application for registration of a name pursuant to Article 50(2), point (a), of Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012: single document, 'Café Antigua' (EU No PGI-GT-03275), C/2026/3343 — European Commission, Official Journal of the European Union, 2026

Used for: the application to protect Café Antigua in the European Union: the Guatemalan registration it rests on, the species and varieties, the bean and cup conditions, the steps that must happen in the area, the municipalities and altitude limits of the area, and the applicant's account of climate, soil, land tenure and history

Limits: Read in full, in the English text from the Publications Office of the EU and again in the Dutch republication in the Staatscourant of 6 July 2026. It is an application published for a three-month opposition period that ended in September 2026. CoffeeHQ has not found an act registering the name, so in the European Union it was, on the day this was read, applied for and not yet shown to be registered. The Guatemalan registration it cites (entry 1, folio 1, volume 1 of designations of origin, file 2006-01485, decided 11 July 2008, published 10 December 2008) is reported from this document; the Guatemalan register itself was not read. The link section is the applicant's case, including the sensory descriptors, the minimum cupping scores, the claim about sun-drying and kahweol, and the history; none of it is independent evidence. It names Coffea canephora as well as arabica as a species of the area while listing only arabica varieties, and does not explain this. The logos are images and were not read.

Last checked October 2026.

Collective Marketing: Geographical Indications, Certification Marks and Collective Marks — Eunice Njuguna — Kenya Industrial Property Institute (presentation to a WIPO national workshop, Nairobi), 2019

Used for: the state of Kenyan law on geographical indications in 2019, and the certification and collective marks available instead

Limits: Presentation slides by an officer of the national intellectual property office, read as extracted text; the date is recorded as the first of the month of the workshop. It states that Kenya had no law on geographical indications in June 2019 and that a bill was in preparation. It is seven years old and is used only with a later source beside it. Its one line on coffee altitude and its flavour description are a speaker's generalisations and are not used. It does not mention Nyeri.

Last checked October 2026.

Membership of the International Coffee Organization under the International Coffee Agreement 2022, as at 24 March 2026 — International Coffee Organization, 2026

Used for: which governments have signed, ratified, accepted or acceded to the 2022 Agreement, with dates, grouped as exporting Members, importing Members, signatories and countries that were not members under the 2007 Agreement

Limits: Opened in full for the first time at the second reading of the Mozambique entry on 2026-10-09, and opened again the same day when this record was written: Mozambique is listed under 'Non-member countries under the ICA 2007', signed on 13 June 2023 and ratified on 27 May 2025, with no exporting or importing class. Membership is a political status: it shows that a government joined an agreement, not that a country exports coffee or how much it grows. An earlier reading of the same document on 2026-10-06, for the producer universe, was made before this record existed.

Last checked October 2026.

Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2018 (edición 2019) — Oficina Nacional de Estadística e Información, República de Cuba, 2019

Used for: Cuba's national statistical yearbook: used for imports of unroasted coffee by quantity (table 8.12), the output of roasted and packed coffee (table 11.4), and the absence of a coffee row among the selected crops of the agriculture chapter

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 as a mirror copy of the published PDF held by a third-party archive of statistical publications, because the statistics office's own site reset the connection; the copy was not compared with the office's file. Read as extracted text, by searching for every occurrence of 'café' and reading the contents list of chapter 9 and the tables the matches fell in (8.11, 8.12, 11.4). The yearbook was not read cover to cover. No row for the coffee crop was found in chapter 9, but a row printed as an image would not appear in extracted text. The publication date is given to the year only: the edition is dated 2019. The roasted-and-packed figure counts finished product, which in Cuba has at times been a blend of coffee and roasted peas.

Last checked October 2026.

Press brief: official launch of the 2022/2023 coffee season, Maroua, 15 March 2023 — National Cocoa and Coffee Board (ONCC), Cameroon, 2023

Used for: the board's balance sheet of the 2021/22 coffee season: domestic traded volume by species, a seven-season series of traded volume, the actors active, quality control, purchases by region, exports, prices and local roasting

Limits: Downloaded from the board's document library on 2026-10-09 and read in full as extracted text. A press brief, not a statistical report: it gives no method, does not say whether its tonnes are green coffee, and prints its seven-season series as a row of figures under a row of seasons, so each pairing was read from column order. The two species figures for 2021/22 sum to one tonne less than the printed total. Traded volume is what passed through the supervised channel, not the crop.

Last checked October 2026.

World Coffee Research variety and agronomy resources — World Coffee Research (WCR)

Used for: coffee varieties, cultivars, agronomy, breeding

Limits: A nonprofit research and breeding-focused organisation; variety descriptions reflect its own research programme's framing.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew — peer-reviewed research on Coffea species — Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (A. P. Davis and colleagues)

Used for: taxonomy, origin, distribution and conservation status of Coffea species; including 'Arabica-like flavour in a heat-tolerant wild coffee species' (Nature Plants, 2021) and 'Genomic data define species delimitation in Liberica coffee with implications for crop development and conservation' (Nature Plants, August 2025)

Limits: A grouped record for a body of papers. The two named papers' titles, journal, dates and headline findings were confirmed on 2026-10-06 from search results and abstracts; the full texts were not read. Species delimitation is an active field — the 2025 reclassification of the Liberica group is recent and trade usage has not adopted it.

UC Davis Coffee Center research — University of California, Davis — Coffee Center

Used for: extraction science, roasting science, sensory research

Limits: Academic research centre; findings reflect specific published studies, not a single unified standard.

No evidence of dehydration with moderate daily coffee intake: a counterbalanced cross-over study in a free-living population — S. C. Killer, A. K. Blannin and A. E. Jeukendrup — PLoS ONE, 9(1), e84154, 2014

Used for: whether moderate coffee drinking changes total body water compared with the same volume of water

Limits: Abstract, participants, dose and stated limitations read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-09; the results tables were not read row by row. Fifty men who habitually drank three to six cups a day, three days per arm, about 308 mg of caffeine a day. It says nothing about women, about people who do not usually drink coffee, or about heat and exercise.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes — R. Poole, O. J. Kennedy, P. Roderick, J. A. Fallowfield, P. C. Hayes and J. Parkes — BMJ, 359, j5024, 2017

Used for: associations between coffee drinking and many health outcomes, and the review's own account of how weak the evidence is

Limits: Read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-09: the abstract's results and conclusions and discussion passages on evidence quality, confounding, pregnancy and fracture, from the first 100,000 characters of the open-access text; the remainder and the tables were not read. Almost all of it is observational. The authors call most of the evidence low or very low quality and say residual confounding could explain the associations.

Last checked October 2026.

Comprehensive review of fungi on coffee — L. Lu and colleagues — Pathogens, 11(4), 411, 2022

Used for: coffee wilt disease as a review summarises it: the pathogen, where and when it was first detected, its hosts, how fast it kills a tree and how long soil stays infectious

Limits: Open access; the full text was downloaded on 2026-10-09 and its section on coffee wilt disease read in full, the rest not. Its statements on the disease are its citations of earlier work, chiefly a 2006 review that was not opened. It also lists chemical and cultural control measures, which CoffeeHQ does not repeat.

Last checked October 2026.

Peer-reviewed labour and social history of coffee institutions — Academic journals in labour, social and economic history

Used for: the organisation, ownership and workforce of coffee institutions, including cooperative and colonial-era enterprises

Limits: Strong where it applies and narrow in what it covers. Peer-reviewed labour history establishes dates, organisational structures and disputes to a standard the rest of this register cannot match, and says almost nothing about what anything tasted like or how it was made. It also carries its own framing: an article about a workers' movement foregrounds the workers' movement, and CoffeeHQ should not read the absence of other emphases as evidence against them.

Impact of water composition on coffee sensory properties: a comprehensive analysis — C. J. B. Rune, I. Steen, E. R. Kjærgaard, Z. Maroun, W. L. P. Bredie and H. G. Kjaergaard — Journal of Food Science, 91, 2026

Used for: trained-panel sensory testing of coffee brewed with waters of controlled calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate content

Limits: Read in the open-access full text. One coffee (a Colombian) and trained assessors, so it shows what was detectable under those conditions and not what every drinker will notice. It supports three statements on CoffeeHQ: that bicarbonate alkalinity had a clear effect on acidity, fruitiness and bitterness; that hardness alone, across and beyond the usual recommended range, produced no marked change against ultrapure water; and that the widely circulated recommended ranges had not previously been tested by tasting. The figures it gives for the association's water standard are quoted from that standard, not measured.

Last checked October 2026.

The genome and population genomics of allopolyploid Coffea arabica reveal the diversification history of modern coffee cultivars — J. Salojärvi, A. Rambani, Z. Yu and others — Nature Genetics, 56, 2024

Used for: the origin of arabica as a hybrid of two species, the dating of that event, and the descent of cultivated lines from Yemen

Limits: Read in the open-access full text. A genomic study: its dates for the founding hybridisation (roughly 350,000 to 610,000 years ago) are model estimates with stated assumptions, and earlier work proposed much more recent dates. Its historical summary of Typica, Bourbon and the Timor Hybrid (identified in 1927) restates the documentary record rather than establishing it.

Last checked October 2026.

A single polyploidization event at the origin of the tetraploid genome of Coffea arabica is responsible for the extremely low genetic variation in wild and cultivated germplasm — S. Scalabrin, L. Toniutti, G. Di Gaspero and others — Scientific Reports, 10, 4642, 2020

Used for: arabica's four chromosome sets, its two parent species, its self-fertilising habit and its very low genetic diversity

Limits: Read in the open-access full text. It supports the statements that arabica is a tetraploid derived from relatives of Coffea canephora and Coffea eugenioides, is predominantly self-fertilising, and has very little genetic variation. Several authors work for a coffee company.

Last checked October 2026.

An equilibrium desorption model for the strength and extraction yield of full immersion brewed coffee — J. Liang, K. C. Chan and W. D. Ristenpart — Scientific Reports, 11, 6904, 2021

Used for: how strength and extraction yield behave in full-immersion brewing, and the maximum share of roasted coffee that dissolves

Limits: Read in the open-access full text. A model checked against the authors' own immersion brews. It supports two statements: that the share of roasted coffee that can dissolve is typically observed at around 30 per cent, and that immersion brews settled near 21 per cent extraction across a wide range of ratios, so ratio sets strength and barely moves extraction. It is not a study of percolation or espresso.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee extraction kinetics in a well mixed system — K. M. Moroney, W. T. Lee, S. B. G. O'Brien, F. Suijver and J. Marra — Journal of Mathematics in Industry, 7, 3, 2016

Used for: the two-stage course of extraction from a coffee particle: fast dissolution from broken surfaces, slow diffusion from inside

Limits: Read in the open-access full text. A mathematical model fitted to extraction experiments, treating coffee as a single dissolving substance. It supports the fast-then-slow description of extraction and says nothing about which flavours arrive when.

Last checked October 2026.

Multiclass classification of agro-ecological zones for arabica coffee: an improved understanding of the impacts of climate change — C. Bunn, P. Läderach, J. G. Pérez Jimenez, C. Montagnon and T. Schilling — PLoS ONE, 10(10), e0140490, 2015

Used for: arabica's climatic requirements and the projected movement of land suitable for it by the middle of the century

Limits: Read in the open-access full text. A climate-suitability model under one intermediate emissions pathway; it projects where the climate would suit arabica, not what farmers will grow. It supports the statements that arabica needs a narrow climate, that suitable land is projected to shift to higher elevations, and that higher land is often steep, forested or otherwise unavailable. The 'about half by 2050' figure it cites belongs to an earlier study by some of the same authors, which was not read.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee Varieties Catalog: arabica and robusta entries, with the histories of each — World Coffee Research (WCR)

Used for: lineage, breeder, genetic group and categorical agronomic traits of 69 arabica and 48 robusta varieties and clones; the history of the Bourbon and Typica lineages, the Timor Hybrid, the Catimor and Sarchimor groups and F1 hybrids; the genetic groups and dispersal of robusta

Limits: Every entry page and both history essays were downloaded and read as text on the access date. Trait ratings are categories set by the catalogue against named reference varieties, not measurements. Robusta yields are the breeders' own limited trials and the catalogue says they are not guarantees. Disease ratings are dated: the catalogue states that rust resistance derived from the Timor Hybrid is breaking down and that a rating confirmed in one country need not hold in another. It does not include Colombia's national releases. One robusta entry (Sln.1R) gives a lineage that does not match its own history.

Last checked October 2026.

Genomic data define species delimitation in Liberica coffee with implications for crop development and conservation — A. P. Davis and others — Nature Plants, 11(9), 1729–1738, 2025

Used for: the division of Liberica coffee into three species, their native ranges, how Liberica and excelsa differ in seed, fruit and leaf, and where each is farmed

Limits: Read in the open-access full text through a page-fetching tool that returned the passages quoted for each claim. A taxonomic proposal from one research group, based on 353 nuclear genes from 55 accessions; trade and many growers still call excelsa a kind of Liberica. Its production estimate for Liberica is described as an estimate.

Last checked October 2026.

Physical characterization of Arabica ground coffee with different roasting degrees — E. Nakilcioğlu-Taş, S. Ötleş — Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 91(2), 2019

Used for: bulk density, particle density and porosity of ground arabica coffee from raw to dark roast

Limits: Read on the publisher's open-access page through a page-fetching tool. One coffee, ground. It measured bulk density falling from raw to dark roast and porosity rising, while particle density did not differ significantly. It supports 'darker roasts are less dense by volume'; it says nothing about solubility or about how to dose.

Last checked October 2026.

Can cold brew coffee make you sick? — L. Sosbee, reporting work by A. Parra and H. C. den Bakker — University of Georgia, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (Center for Food Safety), 2024

Used for: survival of added pathogens in cold brew coffee, and hygiene and storage advice for people making it at home

Limits: Read in full. A university news report of a graduate student's research in progress, not a peer-reviewed paper: it gives survival times and household advice but no storage period, no temperatures and no methods. Used for the advice and for the direction of the finding only.

Last checked October 2026.

The effect of roast profiles on the dynamics of titratable acidity during coffee roasting — L. Anokye-Bempah, T. Styczynski, N. de Andrade Teixeira Fernandes and others — Scientific Reports, 14, 2024

Used for: the phases of a drum roast as roasters name them, first and second crack, and how acidity changes across them

Limits: The open-access full text was searched and the passages on roast phases read in context. One 5 kg drum roaster. It names four phases bounded by colour change, first crack and second crack, notes that the first is called the drying phase because most water loss is believed to happen then, and that Maillard reactions continue after first crack. It does not describe what a crack is physically.

Last checked October 2026.

Bioactive Compounds in Coffee: Metabolism, Bioavailability and Health Effects — A Review — H. Finta, S. Pál, M. Solymár and others — Molecules, 31(9), 1404, 2026

Used for: what roasting does to the chlorogenic acids in coffee

Limits: The open-access full text was searched and the section on roasting degree read. A narrative review; the figure it gives for chlorogenic acid falling during roasting is one cited study's. Used only for the direction: chlorogenic acids are heat-labile and fall progressively as roasting goes on. Its health sections are not relied on.

Last checked October 2026.

Flowering and Fruiting of Coffea arabica L.: A Comprehensive Perspective from Phenology — C. A. Unigarro, D. G. Cayón Salinas, A. F. León-Burgos and others — Plants, 14(21), 3396, 2025

Used for: the parentage of the varieties bred by Colombia's national coffee research centre, and coffee flowering and fruit development

Limits: The open-access full text was searched and the introduction read. It states that the Colombian centre's varieties have Caturra and Timor Hybrid clone CIFC 1343 as progenitors and are composite varieties, mixtures of selected progenies, resistant to leaf rust. It does not list which progenies make up any named variety, and the centre's own bulletins could not be opened.

Last checked October 2026.

Genetic improvement of robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) in the 20th and 21st centuries: prospects for the future — R. Kawuki, A. Akpertey, S. Barrera, M. Berny Mier y Teran and others — Frontiers in Plant Science, 16, 2025

Used for: the genetic groups of robusta, its breeding biology, and the history and aims of the national breeding programmes in Indonesia, India, Vietnam, Uganda, West Africa and Brazil

Limits: The open-access full text was read by section for the introduction and the programme histories; the later sections on breeding strategy were not. A review written by breeders from the programmes it describes, so it is authoritative on what each released and why, and is not an independent assessment of how the varieties perform.

Last checked October 2026.

Starmaya: the first arabica F1 coffee hybrid produced using genetic male sterility — F. Georget, L. Marie, E. Alpizar and others — Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 1344, 2019

Used for: what F1 arabica hybrids are, how they perform against conventional cultivars, and why they cannot be propagated from saved seed

Limits: Read in the open-access full text. Written by the breeders of the variety it describes, with trials in one country. It supports the general statements that F1 hybrids have shown higher yield and vigour than conventional cultivars in trials, that their traits segregate in the next generation, and that propagation has depended on laboratory methods or controlled crossing.

Last checked October 2026.

Reliable discrimination of green coffee beans species: a comparison of UV-Vis-based determination of caffeine and chlorogenic acid with non-targeted near-infrared spectroscopy — A. Adnan, M. Naumann, D. Mörlein and E. Pawelzik — Foods, 9(6), 788, 2020

Used for: measured caffeine and chlorogenic acid in green arabica and robusta samples

Limits: Read in the open-access full text. Seventy-four green coffee samples. It reports mean caffeine of 1.8 per cent of dry weight in arabica and 2.9 per cent in robusta by its own method, and quotes two earlier sets of figures. Its introduction gives 1.3 per cent for arabica and 2.3 per cent for robusta (its reference 16); its discussion gives another study's means of 1.3 and 1.8 per cent, with ranges of 0.8 to 1.8 and 1.2 to 2.5 that overlap (its reference 31). The measured pair puts robusta at about 1.6 times arabica, the introduction's pair at about 1.8 and the discussion's at about 1.4; none supports a flat 'twice'. This note has been wrong twice: until 2026-10-09 it gave only the 1.3 and 2.3 pair, and for part of that day it said the paper nowhere gives 2.3. The paper was downloaded again from Europe PMC on 2026-10-09 and both quoted pairs are in it. A different author opened it once more the same day and found the same three pairs. On 2026-10-10 it was opened again with its supplementary file (Europe PMC's supplementary-files archive for PMC7353486, Table S3 and Figure 1a), which gives each of the 74 samples: 32 arabicas and 42 robustas. As Figure 1a plots them the arabicas run from 1.20 to 2.37 per cent and the robustas from 1.95 to 3.53. Table S3 labels four samples of 2.72 to 3.21 per cent as arabica and four of 1.67 to 1.88 as robusta; taken as labelled its means are 1.94 and 2.79, and it gives the text's 1.8 and 2.9 and the figure's extremes once those eight labels are exchanged (1.79 and 2.90). The figure suggests a few more rows may be affected, a 2.36 and a 2.00 among them, and which cannot be told by eye. A second reader, working from the supplementary file as the publisher serves it, found that exchanging those two as well as the eight gives means of 1.78 and 2.91 and reproduces the paper's printed test of the difference in caffeine, t(67.9) = -17.8 with an interval of -1.3 to -1.0, and its chlorogenic acid means of 7.0 and 9.5; the table as labelled gives t(69.1) = -7.8, and the eight alone t(69.2) = -16.3. So ten exchanged labels is the reading that fits the paper's own statistics. One point is still unexplained: the table has an arabica at 2.23 per cent that Figure 1a does not visibly plot. The highest single value, 3.53 per cent, is a robusta under any reading. The samples were freeze-dried and the method is UV-Vis after extraction into dichloromethane, not chromatography; both of its means are above the literature means it quotes.

Last checked October 2026.

Impact of different roasting conditions on the chemical composition, antioxidant activities, and color of Coffea canephora and Coffea arabica L. samples — V. V. Freitas, L. L. Rodrigues Borges, G. A. Dias Castro, M. H. dos Santos, M. C. T. R. Vidigal, S. A. Fernandes and P. C. Stringheta — Heliyon, 9(9), e19580, 2023

Used for: caffeine and other compounds measured in one roasted arabica and one roasted canephora under six roast profiles

Limits: Read in full as Europe PMC full-text XML (PMC10558851): methods 2.2, 2.3 and 2.7, Table 1, Table 3 and section 3.3. One dry-processed lot of each species from one town in Minas Gerais (an arabica of the Catuaí variety and a Coffea canephora the paper calls the Pierre variety), each roasted once under six profiles, analysed in triplicate by HPLC with a diode-array detector. Table 3 gives caffeine in mg per gram of roasted ground coffee; whether on a dry basis is not said, and the roast loss of each profile is not reported. Canephora: 33.29, 31.16, 19.27, 12.40, 9.27 and 30.19; arabica: 5.55, 6.71, 10.15, 6.19, 9.33 and 7.19. The canephora figure falls from 33.29 at the gentlest profile to 9.27 at the harshest while the paper calls caffeine heat-stable and offers no account of the fall; the six arabica figures do not differ by its own test. Two lots are not a species: the ratio between them runs from about one to six across the profiles. Three of the six profiles are named for roast defects (underdeveloped, baked and scorched).

Last checked October 2026.

Development of new analytical methods for the determination of caffeine content in aqueous solution of green coffee beans — B. Weldegebreal, M. Redi-Abshiro and B. S. Chandravanshi — Chemistry Central Journal, 11, 126, 2017

Used for: three spectroscopic methods for caffeine tried on one green coffee, with literature ranges quoted for the two species

Limits: Read in full as Europe PMC full-text XML (PMC5716962). A methods paper: one green coffee bought at a local market, 'without considering its variety' and of unknown origin, measured at 1.52, 1.50 and 1.50 per cent w/w by its three new methods and 1.40 by UV-Vis (Table 1). The species of the sample is not stated, nor whether the percentage is of dry weight. The ranges often taken from it, 0.7 to 1.6 per cent for arabica and 1.5 to 4.0 for robusta, are not its measurements: its background section quotes them from a 2015 review of analytical methods (its reference 5), which was not opened. Its discussion also quotes arabica figures from three other studies. It measured no robusta.

Last checked October 2026.

Mathematical modeling of water sorption isotherms in specialty coffee beans processed by wet and semidry postharvest methods — G. A. Collazos-Escobar, V. Hurtado-Cortés, A. F. Bahamón-Monje and N. Gutiérrez-Guzmán — Scientific Reports, 15, 3898, 2025

Used for: water sorption isotherms of dried parchment coffee, washed and semidry, at three temperatures

Limits: Read in full as Europe PMC full-text XML (PMC11785944): samples, methods, results, discussion and conclusions; the figures were not read. Parchment coffee, not hulled green coffee: eighteen samples of one arabica variety (Bourbon Rosado) from one locality in Huila, Colombia (San Adolfo), processed washed (eighteen hours' fermentation) or semidry (pulped and dried with the mucilage on), sun-dried to 9 to 11 per cent moisture on a wet basis. Isotherms by the dynamic dew-point method at 25, 35 and 45 degrees Celsius over water activities of 0.1 to 0.85, in triplicate. The samples began near a water activity of 0.6; the curve below that was measured drying and the curve above it wetting, and the two were joined, so the study does not compare drying with wetting over the same range. The curves are published as charts and as fitted models; the text tabulates model parameters, not points, so no moisture figure at a given water activity can be taken from the text. Most of the paper is about which model fits best.

Last checked October 2026.

Rapid prediction of moisture content in intact green coffee beans using near infrared spectroscopy — A. Adnan, D. von Hörsten, E. Pawelzik and D. Mörlein — Foods, 6(5), 38, 2017

Used for: the moisture range within which green coffee is considered safe to store and trade

Limits: Read in the open-access full text. The moisture limits (8.0 to 12.5 per cent) are quoted in its introduction from International Coffee Organization and standards documents, which were not themselves opened; the paper's own work is a measurement method.

Last checked October 2026.

Caffeine content in filter coffee brews as a function of degree of roast and extraction yield — Z. R. Lindsey, J. R. Williams, J. S. Burgess, N. T. Moore and P. M. Splichal — Scientific Reports, 14, 29126, 2024

Used for: whether darker or lighter roasts give more caffeine in the cup, with extraction controlled

Limits: Read in the open-access full text. Two Ethiopian coffees, one brewer and one ratio. It found the effect of roast on caffeine small, with dark roasts lower under identical brewing because they extracted less, and higher at matched extraction. It supports calling the question unsettled and small, not a figure.

Last checked October 2026.

Understanding the effects of self-induced anaerobic fermentation on coffee beans quality: microbiological, metabolic, and sensory studies — A. da Silva Vale, G. Balla, L. R. S. Rodrigues, D. P. de Carvalho Neto, C. R. Soccol and G. V. de Melo Pereira — Foods, 12(1), 37, 2022

Used for: which microbes are present in a sealed coffee fermentation, what they consume and what they produce

Limits: Read in the open-access full text. One fermentation system in Brazil. It supports the statements that fermentation is carried out by bacteria and yeasts that consume the sugars of the pulp and produce acids, alcohols and other volatile compounds, and that excluding oxygen changes which organisms dominate. It does not establish what any process tastes like in general.

Last checked October 2026.

Enhancing the understanding of aroma formation during coffee roasting using DHS-GCxGC-TOFMS and chemometrics — A. C. Paiva, C. A. Teixeira and L. W. Hantao — ACS Omega, 10, 2025

Used for: the reactions that form aroma during roasting: Maillard reactions, Strecker degradation, caramelisation and the breakdown of chlorogenic acids

Limits: Read in the open-access full text. A small-scale roasting experiment analysing volatile compounds over time. It is used only for the general account of which reaction families operate during roasting, which it summarises from the wider literature; it does not time the stages of a production roast.

Last checked October 2026.

Arabica-like flavour in a heat-tolerant wild coffee species — A. P. Davis, D. Mieulet, J. Moat, D. Sarmu and J. Haggar — Nature Plants, 7, 413-418, 2021

Used for: the flavour and climatic requirements of Coffea stenophylla

Limits: Read in the published abstract only; the full text is behind the publisher's access control. The abstract supports the statements that tasters found a flavour comparable to high-quality arabica and that the species grows at a mean annual temperature 6.2 to 6.8 degrees Celsius higher than arabica. It says nothing about yield or commercial viability.

Last checked October 2026.

A comparative study of the sensory and physicochemical properties of cow milk and plant-based milk alternatives — A. A. Magwere, R. Keast, S. Gamlath, D. E. Nandorfy, N. Pematilleke and J. M. Gambetta — Journal of Food Science, 90, 2025

Used for: measured composition, particle size and stability of commercial plant-based drinks beside cow's milk

Limits: Read in the open-access full text. A small set of commercial products bought in one country, so its figures describe those products and not every brand or any barista formulation. It supports the statement that the plant-based drinks other than soy carried under two per cent protein against 3.2 per cent in cow's milk. It did not test foaming or behaviour in coffee, so nothing about steaming is drawn from it.

Last checked October 2026.

Global Coffea arabica variety trials reveal genotype-by-environment interactions in resistance to coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) — J. C. Berny Mier y Teran, S. Pruvot-Woehl, C. Maina and others — Frontiers in Plant Science, 16, 2025

Used for: the history and spread of coffee leaf rust, and how resistance in arabica varieties holds up across countries

Limits: Read in the open-access full text. Its historical summary (the epidemic recorded in Ceylon in 1869, spread through Africa and Asia by the 1920s and to almost every producing region by 1985, and the losses in Central America in the 2010s) restates earlier literature. Its own finding, that resistance differs by site and that Catimor-type resistance has been overcome in parts of Latin America, comes from a multi-country trial network run with World Coffee Research.

Last checked October 2026.

Toxicological risk assessment of coffee oil (coffee seed oil and spent coffee grounds oil) as a novel food with focus on cafestol — B. Maier, H. Franke, S. Schwarz and D. W. Lachenmeier — Molecules, 30(14), 2951, 2025

Used for: how much of the coffee oil compounds cafestol and kahweol reaches the cup by brewing method

Limits: Read in the open-access full text. A risk assessment that reviews earlier measurements; the figures by method are quoted from those studies, which were not opened. It supports the statements that unfiltered methods such as boiled and Turkish coffee carry far more of these compounds than paper-filtered coffee, and that a paper filter retains most of the oil. CoffeeHQ draws no health conclusion from it.

Last checked October 2026.

Plant-protein non-dairy creamers: a comprehensive review of structural modifications and processing innovations for improved performance — X. Wang, B. Chen, C. Yan, H. Guan, M. Liu, N. Li and H. Liu — Food Chemistry: X, 37, 104099, 2026

Used for: why plant-protein emulsions can break into curds ('feathering') in hot coffee, and how formulators counter it

Limits: Read in the open-access full text. A review about powdered creamers, not steamed barista drinks, so it supports the mechanism only: heat, coffee acids, salts and polyphenols promote aggregation of plant proteins, and formulation is used to resist it. It gives no rule for any particular brand or drink.

Last checked October 2026.

GIS-based multi-criteria analysis for arabica coffee expansion in Rwanda — I. Nzeyimana, A. E. Hartemink and V. Geissen — PLoS ONE, 9(10), e107449, 2014

Used for: where arabica is grown in Rwanda, under what conditions, on what land, and where yield potential is highest

Limits: Read in the open-access text (abstract, introduction and methods in full). A land-evaluation study using data now over a decade old, so its areas describe the sector then. It supports the statements about growing zones, altitude, rainfall and temperature ranges, smallholder plots and the kind of land coffee is planted on. It says nothing about varieties, processing or flavour.

Last checked October 2026.

Fungi associated with the potato taste defect in coffee beans from Rwanda — A. R. Hale, P. M. Ruegger, P. Rolshausen, J. Borneman and J.-I. Yang — Botanical Studies, 63, 17, 2022

Used for: what the potato taste defect is, what has been proposed as its cause, and the role of the antestia bug

Limits: Read in the open-access full text. It reviews the proposed causes and reports its own correlation between certain fungi and potato-taste scores, which it presents as a hypothesis. It supports the statements that the cause is unconfirmed, that the antestia bug is implicated, that managing the bug reduces the defect, and that affected beans cannot be reliably identified by inspection.

Last checked October 2026.

Sensory and monosaccharide analysis of drip brew coffee fractions versus brewing time — M. E. Batali, S. C. Frost, C. B. Lebrilla, W. D. Ristenpart and J.-X. Guinard — Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 100(7), 2953-2962, 2020

Used for: how sourness, bitterness and sweetness change across successive fractions of a single drip brew, and whether sugars reach a perceptible concentration

Limits: Consulted through its published abstract and summaries of it, not the full text. The abstract supports the statements used on CoffeeHQ: earlier fractions were more bitter and more sour, later fractions sweeter and more floral, no fraction held a perceptible concentration of any monosaccharide, and perceived sweetness fell as dissolved solids rose. It studied drip brewing of specific coffees; nothing in it covers espresso or immersion.

Last checked October 2026.

Brew temperature, at fixed brew strength and extraction, has little impact on the sensory profile of drip brew coffee — M. E. Batali, W. D. Ristenpart and J.-X. Guinard — Scientific Reports, 10, 16450, 2020

Used for: trained-panel sensory comparison of drip coffee brewed at 87, 90 and 93 degrees Celsius to matched strength and extraction

Limits: Read in the open-access full text: introduction, results, discussion and methods. One washed Honduran coffee, one flat-bottomed batch drip brewer, a trained descriptive panel. It covers drip coffee across 87 to 93 degrees Celsius only; it does not show that temperature is irrelevant, because temperature changes how quickly a brew reaches a given extraction. It says nothing about espresso.

Last checked October 2026.

A new Coffee Brewing Control Chart relating sensory properties and consumer liking to brew strength, extraction yield, and brew ratio — J.-X. Guinard, S. Frost, M. Batali, A. Cotter, L. X. Lim and W. D. Ristenpart — Journal of Food Science, 88(5), 2168-2177, 2023

Used for: how sensory attributes and consumer liking of drip coffee map onto strength and extraction, and the two consumer preference clusters found

Limits: Read by passage in the open-access article (a copy held in a university's coffee literature collection): introduction, the consumer chart and the passage on relabelling the classic region. It synthesises the group's own earlier drip-coffee studies. The mapping of bitterness, sourness and sweetness onto strength and extraction is reported for drip-brewed coffee and the tasters studied; it is not a universal law of flavour.

Last checked October 2026.

Neglected food bubbles: the espresso coffee foam — E. Illy and L. Navarini — Food Biophysics, 6(3), 335-348, 2011

Used for: what espresso crema is physically: its gas, the liquid between the bubbles, what stabilises and destabilises it

Limits: Read in the open-access full text. It is a review written by researchers employed by a coffee company. It supports the description of crema as carbon dioxide from roasting in a liquid that is an oil-in-water emulsion, stabilised by compounds formed in roasting, with lipids acting against the foam. It does not rank coffees by crema.

Last checked October 2026.

Foaming properties of milk: a review of the influence of composition and processing — T. Huppertz — International Journal of Dairy Technology, 63(4), 477-488, 2010

Used for: how protein, fat, temperature and processing affect the formation and stability of milk foam

Limits: Consulted through its published abstract only. The abstract supports three statements used on CoffeeHQ: that lipids have the largest influence on foaming after proteins; that fat can impair foam formation and stability, particularly where milk fat is partly crystalline; and that free fatty acids strongly impair foaming. It is a review of dairy science, not of steam-wand technique, and says nothing about plant-based drinks.

Last checked October 2026.

Systematically improving espresso: insights from mathematical modeling and experiment — M. I. Cameron and colleagues — Matter, 2(3), 2020

Used for: a model and experiments on how grind setting affects espresso extraction yield

Limits: Read in the authors' accepted manuscript on the US Department of Energy's public repository (OSTI). Measured extraction yield peaked at an intermediate grind setting and fell at finer ones, which the authors say strongly suggests inhomogeneous flow; the bed was not observed directly. The shots were made in one café with one coffee, one grinder (EK 43) and one machine, at 6 bar because 9 bar clogged at fine settings. The protocol proposed (a smaller dose ground coarser) is aimed at reproducibility and less waste. It measured extraction yield, not preference; flavour differences were noted but not quantified.

Last checked October 2026.

The role of dissolved cations in coffee extraction — C. H. Hendon, L. Colonna-Dashwood and M. Colonna-Dashwood — Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(21), 2014

Used for: calculated binding of magnesium, calcium and sodium ions to coffee acids and aroma compounds

Limits: Consulted through its abstract and the authors' own summaries. The study is computational: it calculates binding energies and reasons from them to extraction. It is not a sensory trial, so it supports the direction of an effect and not its size in the cup. CoffeeHQ states that limitation wherever it cites the paper.

Last checked October 2026.

Foaming performance of plant-based milks for barista application: from formulation and processing history to interfacial structure, foam formation and stability — L. Hu, C. Selomulya, J. Ashton, Y. Wang — Peer-reviewed review, listed by the Future Food Systems research centre, 2026

Used for: why plant-based drinks foam less consistently than cow's milk, and how formulation and processing change that

Limits: Consulted through the abstract as reproduced on the research centre's publication page; the full text, journal volume and DOI were not seen, and the publication date is the month given on that page. The abstract supports two statements used on CoffeeHQ: that plant-based drinks vary more widely than cow's milk in protein composition and structural state, and that the lipids and insoluble particles they contain can impair foam stability. It does not rank individual plant drinks and CoffeeHQ does not cite it as doing so.

Last checked October 2026.

"Curdling" of soymilk in coffee: a study of the phase behaviour of soymilk coffee mixtures — M. Brown, F. Laitano, C. Williams, B. Gibson, M. Haw, J. Sefcik, K. Johnston — Food Hydrocolloids, 95, 462-467, 2019

Used for: the conditions of temperature, acidity and concentration under which soy drink separates in coffee

Limits: Consulted through its abstract as indexed by AGRIS. The abstract supports one statement used on CoffeeHQ: that whether soy drink separates in coffee depends on temperature, pH and the concentrations of coffee and soy drink, with separation at higher temperature. The study used one long-life unsweetened soy drink and instant coffee. It did not examine almond, oat or coconut drinks; where CoffeeHQ applies the same factors to those, the page says that this is an inference.

Last checked October 2026.

Lactose-Free Milk — A. Lapalme — McGill University Office for Science and Society, 2025

Used for: how lactose-free milk is made, why it tastes sweeter, and how the split sugars respond to heat

Limits: A science-communication article by a student contributor, not primary research, read as fetched on the access date. It supports the statements that lactase splits lactose into glucose and galactose, that the total sugar is unchanged, that the milk is commonly noticed to taste sweeter, that filtration is also used, and that the glucose formed makes the milk more prone to browning reactions on heating.

Last checked October 2026.

World Coffee Research Sensory Lexicon — World Coffee Research (WCR)

Used for: the lexicon of coffee flavour attributes on which the revised flavour wheel is built

Limits: The organisation's own page for the lexicon, read through a page-fetching tool and quoted back. CoffeeHQ uses it for: that the lexicon was created at a university sensory analysis centre, identifies 110 attributes with references for measuring their intensity, and is the basis of the revised taster's flavour wheel, described as the first redesign in twenty years. The page gives 2017 for the lexicon's second edition and does not itself date the wheel.

Last checked October 2026.

Water Softening — Penn State Extension

Used for: how a household ion-exchange water softener works

Limits: A university extension article, read through a page-fetching tool and quoted back. CoffeeHQ uses it for one statement: that the resin releases sodium ions in exchange for calcium and magnesium. It does not discuss alkalinity; that a softener leaves bicarbonate unchanged follows from the mechanism and is CoffeeHQ's inference, not a statement in the article.

Last checked October 2026.

Secrets of the trade: curdling of soya milk — Royal Society of Chemistry, Education in Chemistry

Used for: why soya drink forms lumps in coffee: the effect of the coffee's acidity on the charges of the proteins, and of heat on the speed of the process

Limits: A teaching article from a learned society, read through a page-fetching tool with the relevant sentences quoted back. It explains the mechanism for soya drink only, and says nothing about whether the curdled drink is safe; CoffeeHQ cites it for the mechanism and makes no safety claim on its strength.

Last checked October 2026.

Targeted and Non-Targeted HPLC Analysis of Coffee-Based Products as Effective Tools for Evaluating the Coffee Authenticity — J. Klikarová, L. Česlová — Molecules, 27(21), 7419, 2022

Used for: the common forms of coffee adulteration, the adulterants reported in the literature, and the chromatographic methods used to detect them

Limits: Open-access full text read by passage through Europe PMC: the section on adulteration, the conclusions and the summaries of individual studies. It is a review of analytical methods and gives no estimate of how often fraud occurs. Its statement that coffee ranks among the most adulterated foods rests on a reference that was not opened and is not repeated on CoffeeHQ.

Last checked October 2026.

What's in My Coffee? Do-It-Yourself Testing for Chicory Adulteration Using Particle Trapping in Stencil-Based Paper Devices — B. Sundarrajan and others — ACS Omega, 10(28), 2025

Used for: a prototype paper device for screening coffee and chicory mixtures without instruments, and the Indian limit on chicory in such mixtures as the authors state it

Limits: Open-access full text read by passage through Europe PMC. Used for two statements only: that a household screening device has been published as a prototype, and that the authors give 49 per cent as the Indian regulatory limit for chicory in coffee. The regulation itself was not opened, so the limit is reported as the paper states it.

Last checked October 2026.

Effects of the extract from roasted chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) root containing inulin-type fructans on blood glucose, lipid metabolism, and fecal properties — M. Nishimura and others — Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 5(3), 2015

Used for: background on chicory root as a source of inulin and as a caffeine-free coffee substitute

Limits: Open-access full text opened through Europe PMC; only the introduction was used, for the statements that chicory root is rich in inulin and that the roasted-root drink contains no caffeine. The trial's own results are not used, and CoffeeHQ makes no health claim from it.

Last checked October 2026.

Is voluntary certification of tropical agricultural commodities achieving sustainability goals for small-scale producers? A review of the evidence — R. S. DeFries and others — Environmental Research Letters, 12(3), 033001, 2017

Used for: what controlled studies have measured about the environmental, economic and social effects of certification on small-scale producers of tropical commodities, most of them coffee

Limits: The abstract was returned in full and sentences from the results quoted back by a page-fetching tool; the body was not read end to end. The review covers studies published before 2017, and its authors state only moderate confidence because the eligible studies were few and measured different outcomes.

Last checked October 2026.

About Bird Friendly coffee — Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Migratory Bird Center

Used for: what Bird Friendly certification requires in general terms: organic certification and a shaded habitat with varied foliage cover, tree height and species

Limits: The programme's own description, read through a page-fetching tool. The numeric criteria are published as an image the tool could not read, so CoffeeHQ states no canopy percentage, height or species count.

Last checked October 2026.

The use of green coffee extract as a weight loss supplement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials — I. Onakpoya, R. Terry, E. Ernst — Gastroenterology Research and Practice, 2011, 382852, 2011

Used for: what randomised trials of green coffee extract had found about body weight by 2010, and how reliable those trials were

Limits: Open-access full text read in full through Europe PMC. It covers three small trials and is now old; later trials exist and were not read. One author declared funding from a pharmaceutical company.

Last checked October 2026.

Benefits, side effects, and uses of Hericium erinaceus as a supplement: a systematic review — A. Menon and others — Frontiers in Nutrition, 12, 1641246, 2025

Used for: what human trials and laboratory studies of lion's mane mushroom have found, the doses used and the side effects reported

Limits: Open-access full text read by passage through Europe PMC: abstract, table of trials, limitations and conclusion. The review searched one database and could not pool results. Its abstract is more positive than its conclusion; CoffeeHQ follows the conclusion.

Last checked October 2026.

An investigation of the shelf life of cold brew coffee and the influence of extraction temperature using chemical, microbial, and sensory analysis — S. N. Lopane, J. U. McGregor, J. R. Rieck — Food Science & Nutrition, 12(2), 2024

Used for: how bottled, refrigerated cold- and hot-brewed coffee changed over 42 days in microbial counts, chemistry and flavour

Limits: Open-access full text read by passage through Europe PMC. One coffee, brewed and bottled under laboratory hygiene and kept refrigerated; it does not describe a jar of cold brew made in a home kitchen, and it did not test pathogens.

Last checked October 2026.

High-Pressure Processing for Cold Brew Coffee: Safety and Quality Assessment under Refrigerated and Ambient Storage — B. Polanco-Estibález and others — Foods, 12(23), 4231, 2023

Used for: the acidity of cold brew coffee, whether three foodborne pathogens survive or grow in it, and the effect of high-pressure processing

Limits: Open-access full text read by passage through Europe PMC. The work concerns a commercial processing technology. The pathogens were added deliberately at high numbers; the study did not examine spore-forming bacteria and says so.

Last checked October 2026.

Cold Brew Coffee: Pilot Studies on Definition, Extraction, Consumer Preference, Chemical Characterization and Microbiological Hazards — L. Claassen and others — Foods, 10(4), 865, 2021

Used for: how cold brew is made in practice, how quickly it extracts, and what a survey of commercial samples found microbiologically

Limits: Open-access full text read by passage through Europe PMC: abstract and conclusions. Pilot studies with small samples; the authors compare the contamination risk to that of drinks from dispensing systems and call for more work.

Last checked October 2026.

Out of Africa: The genomic footprints of Vietnamese Robusta coffee — T. Vi and others — PLoS One, 20(5), e0324988, 2025

Used for: when robusta reached Vietnam, the scale of its cultivation in the Central Highlands and the origins of the clones grown there

Limits: Open-access full text read by passage through Europe PMC: the introduction. Its production and area figures are cited from other works that were not opened.

Last checked October 2026.

The Effects of Storage Temperature on the Aroma of Whole Bean Arabica Coffee Evaluated by Coffee Consumers and HS-SPME-GC-MS — A. R. Cotter, H. Hopfer — Beverages, 4(3), 68, 2018

Used for: how nine weeks of freezer or room-temperature storage changed the smell of roasted coffee at two roast levels

Limits: Read in full on 9 October 2026 from the web archive's copy of the publisher's open-access page, as extracted text; figures not seen. One lot of Zambian coffee roasted to two degrees, rested 15 hours in open paper bags, then kept nine weeks in amber glass containers in a chest freezer (minus 20 degrees Celsius in the design section, 'set at minus 18' in the storage paragraph) or in a dark cabinet at 25 degrees. Forty-eight consumers judged freshly ground coffee by smell only; nothing was brewed or tasted, and the authors name that as a limit. A second reading corrected an earlier note here: the paper does say how the samples were handled, removed from storage one day before the evaluation and left to reach room temperature overnight.

Last checked October 2026.

Conilon Coffee, third edition, chapter 9: Cultivars of Conilon Coffee — R. G. Ferrão and others (technical editors) — Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (Incaper), Vitória, 2019

Used for: the introduction of Coffea canephora to Espírito Santo, the state breeding programme begun in 1985 and the cultivars it released

Limits: One chapter of a 974-page book by the state research institute that bred the cultivars it describes. The introduction and the table of releases were read; the cultivar-by-cultivar trial data were not. Its productivity figures are the institute's own trial results and are not used on CoffeeHQ.

Last checked October 2026.

Café segue como o produto com maior número de Indicações Geográficas no Brasil — Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), 2023

Used for: the registered Brazilian coffee geographical indications as of March 2023, with type and year of registration

Limits: A press release by the federal agricultural research corporation, read as republished by a trade magazine and through a fetch tool that returned its list and definitions. It lists registrations to March 2023; later ones are not in it. Used for the names, types and years only.

Last checked October 2026.

Modernização agrícola e o declínio da cafeicultura pós-geada de 1975 (Norte do Paraná) — J. R. S. Moreira, R. Laverdi — Ateliê de História UEPG, 4(1), 93-109, 2016

Used for: the rise of coffee in northern Paraná, the eradication programme of the 1960s, the frost of 18 July 1975 and what replaced coffee afterwards

Limits: A history-journal article read in the passages on production, eradication and the frost; its discussion of one newspaper's coverage was skimmed. Its figures are cited from earlier historians and from the press of the time: the share of world output in 1960 is a state agriculture department's claim as quoted by a historian, and the count of trees lost in 1975 is a contemporary estimate. Its argument is that the frost accelerated a decline already under way, which CoffeeHQ reports as its argument.

Last checked October 2026.

Paisaje, esclavitud y medio ambiente en la economía cafetalera brasileña: Vale do Paraíba, siglo XIX — R. Marquese — Asclepio. Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia, 67(1), p078, 2015

Used for: how the Paraíba Valley became a slave plantation zone for coffee, the scale of the slave trade that supplied it, how the land was worked and exhausted, and what followed abolition

Limits: An open-access article by a historian of Brazilian slavery, read in the introduction, the section on the slave trade and the conclusion; the middle sections on planting technique were skimmed. Its counts of enslaved Africans landed are drawn from earlier studies and the slave-voyages database and are approximate. It concerns one region, the first great coffee zone, not the whole country.

Last checked October 2026.

Impactos econômicos da tecnologia do café cereja descascado — C. L. R. Vegro, T. Fronzaglia, A. A. Veiga Filho — Cadernos de Ciência & Tecnologia (Embrapa), 26(1/3), 93-113, 2009

Used for: what pulped natural (cereja descascado) processing is, how it differs from natural and washed, and what adopting it did for farms in São Paulo state

Limits: The introduction, which defines the three processing routes, was read closely; the survey method and results were skimmed. The study covers São Paulo farms only, and its statement that the method reshaped where good coffee could be grown is the authors' assessment. It does not say what share of Brazil's crop is processed each way, and CoffeeHQ gives no such share.

Last checked October 2026.

Consórcio Pesquisa Café destaca as cultivares do IAC que mudaram a cafeicultura brasileira nos últimos 50 anos — Consórcio Pesquisa Café, as republished by Revista Cultivar, 2012

Used for: the release of Mundo Novo in 1952 and Catuaí in 1972 by the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, and an estimate of how much of Brazil's planting they account for

Limits: A research consortium's release read as republished by a trade magazine, through a fetch tool. Its estimate that the two cultivars made up about 85 per cent of planting dates from 2012, is not sourced in the release and will have changed; CoffeeHQ reports it as a dated estimate. It gives Mundo Novo's parentage as probably Bourbon and Sumatra, where the World Coffee Research catalogue says Bourbon and Typica; Sumatra is a Typica selection.

Last checked October 2026.

Castillo 2.0. Variedad mejorada: más resistencia, más resiliencia (Avances Técnicos 566) — Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café (Cenicafé), Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia, 2024

Used for: the history and method of Colombia's breeding for resistance to coffee leaf rust, the Timor Hybrid as the source of resistance, composite varieties, the races of rust found in Colombia, and the origin, pedigree and characteristics of the variety Castillo 2.0

Limits: An eight-page technical bulletin in Spanish by the breeders themselves; the first six pages were read as extracted text and the figures were not legible. It is the breeder's account of its own variety, so the yield and cupping results it reports are its own and are described as such.

Last checked October 2026.

Genetic improvement of robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) in the 20th and 21st centuries: prospects for increasing future breeding effectiveness and impact — Kawuki R, Akpertey A, Barrera S, Berny Mier y Teran JC, Devasia J, and others — Frontiers in Plant Science, 2025

Used for: the history of robusta breeding by country; for Indonesia, the three colonial-era stations, the BP, SA and Bgn series, breeding aims and methods from 1907, and varieties released from 1920 to 2019

Limits: Open-access review, read from the Europe PMC full text; only the introduction and the section and table on Indonesia were read. Co-authored by breeders from the institutes it describes, including Indonesia's, so the account of each programme is partly its own. The publication date is recorded as the year only: the day and month were not confirmed. Its Indonesian history rests on two mid-century sources (Ferwerda 1948; Cramer 1957) that CoffeeHQ has not read. Re-read on 2026-10-09: the introduction and the section on Uganda.

Last checked October 2026.

Genetic diversity of cultivated Gayo Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) based on morphological and microsatellite markers — Andini R, Zaelani A, Sulaiman MI, Sembiring ER, and others — BMC Plant Biology, 2025

Used for: the Gayo Highlands of Aceh: districts, altitude span, area, land ownership and yields; the cultivars now grown there, including Gayo I, II and III and farmer-named types; and the standard account of Typica's passage through Indonesia

Limits: Open-access; the introduction and discussion were read from the Europe PMC full text, the methods and results skimmed. The regional facts CoffeeHQ uses are in its introduction and are themselves cited from Indonesian statistics and earlier papers, not measured by the study. The status of Gayo III rests on a personal communication it reports. Its statement that Indian 'S-line' varieties were grown in Gayo before a rust outbreak 'in the early twentieth century' is chronologically doubtful and is not used. The publication date is recorded as the year only.

Last checked October 2026.

The Development Effects of the Extractive Colonial Economy: The Dutch Cultivation System in Java (NBER Working Paper 24009) — Melissa Dell and Benjamin A. Olken — National Bureau of Economic Research, 2017

Used for: what the Cultivation System was, when it ran, its share of Dutch government revenue and national product, and the share of its profits that came from sugar and coffee

Limits: The working-paper version of a study later published in a journal, which CoffeeHQ has not compared with it. Only the introduction and the historical overview were read. The study is about sugar: it says explicitly that coffee was grown on mountain slopes and that surviving coffee data are too aggregated for its analysis, so nothing in it measures the effects of forced coffee growing. Its historical figures are cited from Elson, Fasseur, Ricklefs and Van Zanden, none of which CoffeeHQ has read.

Last checked October 2026.

The Authentication of Gayo Arabica Green Coffee Beans with Different Cherry Processing Methods Using Portable LED-Based Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Chemometrics Analysis — Yulia M, Analianasari A, Widodo S, Kusumiyati K, and others — Foods, 2023

Used for: that honey-processed, natural and long-fermented ('wine') Gayo arabica are all produced and sold from Takengon, and how each was made for the samples studied

Limits: Open-access; the abstract, introduction and materials section were read. It is a study of a measuring instrument, not of processing: it shows that the three kinds of lot exist and were bought in one town, and says nothing reliable about how common each is. It does not mention wet hulling. The publication date is recorded as the year only.

Last checked October 2026.

Structure and performance of Ethiopia's coffee export sector (ESSP Working Paper 66) — Bart Minten, Seneshaw Tamru, Tadesse Kuma and Yaw Nyarko — International Food Policy Research Institute and Ethiopian Development Research Institute, 2014

Used for: the start and design of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange, who could bypass it, state interventions against exporters, the 2005 trademark institute, how export lots were graded, the share of washed coffee in exports and which origins and exporters wash, the coffee types exports are recorded under, privatisation of state plantations, and the share of production consumed at home

Limits: A working paper, not a journal article. The introduction, the policy section, the data section, the quality section and its footnote on grading, and the regression discussion of washed coffee were read; the price analysis and most tables were not. It describes the sector as it was to 2013: the exchange has since stopped being the required channel and the grading scheme it records has been revised, so CoffeeHQ dates everything taken from it. Its one sentence attaching flavours to regions is quoted from another author and is not used. The publication date is recorded as June 2014; the day is not given.

Last checked October 2026.

The Impact of Climate Change on Indigenous Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica): Predicting Future Trends and Identifying Priorities — Aaron P. Davis, Tadesse Woldemariam Gole, Susana Baena and Justin Moat — PLOS ONE, 2012

Used for: the native range and altitude of wild arabica, the diversity of wild populations relative to cultivated ones, and modelled loss of climatically suitable localities and area for wild arabica to 2080 under three emissions scenarios

Limits: Open-access; the abstract, introduction and the opening of the methods were read from the Europe PMC full text, the results and discussion were not. A bioclimatic model using one climate model and scenarios now superseded; it predicts where climate would suit the plant, not where the plant will be, and it concerns wild populations, not farms. The exact publication day is recorded from the article header and was not independently checked.

Last checked October 2026.

Contrasting coffee leaf rust epidemics between forest coffee and semi-forest coffee agroforestry systems in SW-Ethiopia — Gerba Daba, Gezahegn Berecha, Bart Lievens, Kitessa Hundera, Kenny Helsen and Olivier Honnay — Heliyon, 2022

Used for: the four management types under which Ethiopian coffee is grown, the share and yield of forest and semi-forest coffee, the climate and seasons of the Jimma zone, and leaf rust incidence across 68 forest and semi-forest sites

Limits: Open-access under a non-commercial licence; the abstract, introduction, study-area description and conclusion were read from the Europe PMC full text, the statistical results skimmed. The classification into four systems and the figures for forest coffee's share (44 per cent with semi-forest) and yield (about 50 kg a hectare) are its citations of earlier work from 2008 to 2012, not its own measurements. Its own findings are for two districts and should not be read as national.

Last checked October 2026.

Effect of processing methods on physicochemical and cup quality of coffee at Jimma, Ethiopia — Banti M, Atlaw T, Atlaw T — Heliyon, 2024

Used for: the usual split between dry and washed processing in Ethiopia, how each is carried out at the Jimma research centre, and the status of 74110 as a released variety

Limits: Open-access; the abstract, introduction and methods were read from the Europe PMC full text. The 65 to 35 per cent split between dry and washed processing is a figure it cites from another source without a year, and CoffeeHQ reports it as a usual proportion, not a measurement. Its own experiment used one variety at one site and its sensory results are not used. The publication date is recorded as the year only.

Last checked October 2026.

Historical genomics reveals the evolutionary mechanisms behind multiple outbreaks of the host-specific coffee wilt pathogen Fusarium xylarioides — L. D. Peck and colleagues — BMC Genomics, 22, 404, 2021

Used for: coffee wilt disease: the first outbreak on robusta and excelsa in west and central Africa, its control, its re-emergence from the 1970s and the two host-specific populations on arabica and robusta

Limits: Open access; the abstract and background were read for the disease's history, which is the paper's citation of earlier work. Its own subject, the genomes of six historical strains, was not read and is not relied on. It dates the arabica outbreak in Ethiopia differently from the same group's 2024 paper.

Last checked October 2026.

Ecophysiology of coffee growth and production — F. M. DaMatta and colleagues — Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 19(4), 2007

Used for: the climate arabica and robusta need, root and shoot growth, what triggers flowering, the five stages of fruit development, fruit drop, branch die-back and the two-year bearing pattern, shade and planting density

Limits: A review article, read in the journal's open full text by searching for each passage relied on and reading around it; not read cover to cover. Almost every figure in it is another author's, some from the 1950s to the 1980s, and those originals were not opened. Its temperature and rainfall ranges are described as optima for the crop, not limits, and it notes arabica being grown productively outside them. Re-opened on 2026-10-09 from the journal's open PDF for the farm guide: the section on flowering and the paragraphs on blossom concentration by a controlled water deficit were read in full in the two-column layout, with the passages on irrigation and yield components in Kenya; the critical leaf water potential and the Kenyan yield figures are citations of authors from the 1970s who were not opened.

Last checked October 2026.

The coffee leaf rust pathogen Hemileia vastatrix: one and a half centuries around the tropics — P. Talhinhas and colleagues — Molecular Plant Pathology, 18(8), 1039–1051, 2017

Used for: the fungus that causes coffee leaf rust, its spread from the 1860s, its life cycle and symptoms, its races, and the breeding of resistant varieties from the Timor Hybrid

Limits: Read on the PubMed Central page: the summary, introduction, the history, life-cycle and diversity sections and the passage on resistance breeding, by searching and reading around each. The molecular sections were not read. Its loss figures are citations of other authors. Re-opened on 2026-10-09 from the PubMed Central page, after the full-text services had refused it, and the sections on the life cycle and infection process and on epidemiology read in full for a model of the rust cycle; the times it attaches to the stages of infection are from laboratory inoculations shown in its figures.

Last checked October 2026.

The coffee rust crises in Colombia and Central America (2008–2013): impacts, plausible causes and proposed solutions — J. Avelino and colleagues — Food Security, 7, 2015

Used for: the leaf rust epidemics in Colombia from 2008 to 2011 and in Central America in 2012–13: the fall in production and employment, the economic and weather conditions that preceded them, the share of susceptible varieties, the 2012 survey of 1,224 Guatemalan farms by altitude, the age of plantations and the emergency measures governments and coffee institutes took

Limits: Open access; read on the publisher's page and as downloaded text by searching for each passage relied on, not cover to cover; the proposed solutions were not read through. The authors call the causes they give plausible, not proven, and say losses are hard to separate from the normal variation in production between years. The production falls are from trade statistics, not field measurement of the disease. The Guatemalan farm survey was made by the national coffee association in November 2012 and is reported in the paper's figures, which were read from their captions and the text describing them, not from the images.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei), a global pest of coffee: perspectives from historical and recent invasions, and future priorities — M. A. Johnson and colleagues — Insects, 11(12), 882, 2020

Used for: the biology and life cycle of the coffee berry borer, its spread from Africa, the damage it does and the elements of integrated management used in different countries

Limits: Open access; read in the Europe PMC full text by searching for the passages on biology, damage and management and reading around each. The country-by-country invasion histories were skimmed. The annual damage figure and the number of generations a year are the review's citations of other studies.

Last checked October 2026.

Some like it hot: the influence and implications of climate change on coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) and coffee production in East Africa — J. Jaramillo and colleagues — PLoS ONE, 6(9), e24528, 2011

Used for: a model of where the coffee berry borer could live in East Africa under two future climate scenarios, and how many generations a year it could complete

Limits: Open access; read in full on a second reading. A model built on one climate model and two scenarios; it projects where the insect could live, not what damage farms will see. Its suggestion of shade trees is the authors' proposal, not a tested result.

Last checked October 2026.

Horizontal transfers between fungal Fusarium species contributed to successive outbreaks of coffee wilt disease — L. D. Peck and colleagues — PLoS Biology, 22(12), e3002480, 2024

Used for: coffee wilt disease: the fungus, how it kills the tree, its outbreaks since 1927, and the separate strains that attack arabica and robusta

Limits: Open access; only the abstract and introduction were read, for the disease's history and biology. The paper's own subject, the genetics of the fungus, was not read and is not relied on. The history it gives is its citation of earlier work.

Last checked October 2026.

Biocontrol-based strategies for improving soil health and managing plant-parasitic nematodes in coffee production — K. K. Saikai and colleagues — Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1196171, 2023

Used for: what plant-parasitic nematodes do to coffee trees, why the damage is hard to recognise, and how little attention they receive in East Africa

Limits: Open access; the abstract and introduction were read. A field trial of two biological products on seven Kenyan farms, used here only for its introduction's general account of nematodes on coffee, which cites a 2018 review that was not opened. No dedicated review of coffee nematodes was read.

Last checked October 2026.

Projected shifts in Coffea arabica suitability among major global producing regions due to climate change — O. Ovalle-Rivera and colleagues — PLoS ONE, 10(4), e0124155, 2015

Used for: where the climate is projected to suit arabica in the 2050s, region by region, from 21 global climate models

Limits: Open access; read in full on a second reading. Its abstract says coffee regions in Ethiopia and Kenya become more suitable, while its results describe little change in the areas now growing arabica there. A model of climatic suitability: it says where the climate would suit the plant, not where coffee will be grown, and it does not model soils, pests, prices or what farmers do in response.

Last checked October 2026.

A systematic review on the impacts of climate change on coffee agrosystems — C. Bilen and colleagues — Plants, 12(1), 102, 2022

Used for: what 148 published studies examined about climate change and coffee, where they were carried out and which species they covered

Limits: Open access; the method, the count of studies, their distribution by continent and the passage on robusta were read. Used for what the literature covers and leaves out, not for any single projection.

Last checked October 2026.

The impact of climate change and variability on coffee production: a systematic review — Y. Pham and colleagues — Climatic Change, 156, 2019

Used for: the kinds of effect the published literature reports for climate change on coffee, and which regions and species that literature covers

Limits: Abstract only: the article is behind a paywall and its text was not read. Used for two statements the abstract makes, that reported effects are mostly negative and that most studies concern arabica in the Americas.

Last checked October 2026.

Climate change and coffee quality: systematic review on the effects of environmental and management variation on secondary metabolites and sensory attributes of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora — S. Ahmed and colleagues — Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 708013, 2021

Used for: what 73 studies found about altitude, light, water, temperature and management and the quality of the coffee, and where the evidence is thin

Limits: Open access; read in full on a second reading. Of its 73 studies, eighteen concern altitude, nineteen light and nine temperature. The review reports associations across studies that differ in variety, processing and how quality was judged; it states that results varied and that the direction of several effects is not established.

Last checked October 2026.

Shaded-coffee: a nature-based strategy for coffee production under climate change? A review — A. Koutouleas and colleagues — Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6, 877476, 2022

Used for: what recent research found about shade trees over coffee: the microclimate, flowering and yield, bean size, and pests and diseases

Limits: Open access; read on the publisher's page: the abstract, the passages on pests and diseases, on flowering and yield, and the closing summary. The sections on breeding and on farmers' perceptions were skimmed. The review itself says findings on pests and diseases are specific to the site and the shade tree.

Last checked October 2026.

Interacting pest control and pollination services in coffee systems — A. Martínez-Salinas and colleagues — Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(15), e2119959119, 2022

Used for: a field experiment that kept birds, bees or both away from coffee branches and measured fruit set, fruit weight and yield

Limits: Open access; read in full on a second reading, including the separate estimates for excluding birds, bees and both. One experiment in one country on arabica; its yield figure is an average across those farms and its money figure follows from local prices.

Last checked October 2026.

The times, movements and operational efficiency of mechanized coffee harvesting in sloped areas — T. O. Tavares and colleagues — PLoS ONE, 14(5), e0217286, 2019

Used for: a comparison of machine, hand-held and manual harvesting on terraced slopes, and the slope beyond which ordinary harvesters cannot work

Limits: Open access; read in full on a second reading, including the results on leaf loss and fruit dropped. One farm; it measured working time and leaf loss, not the ripeness or quality of what was picked.

Last checked October 2026.

Maintenance of the Quality of Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in Different Packaging and Storage Locations — C. P. Gallego, J. Pabón, R. D. Medina and V. Osorio — International Journal of Food Science, 2025, 5049217, 2025

Used for: green arabica stored for a year in eight kinds of packaging at four Colombian sites, scored by a panel of five at intervals

Limits: Open access; read in full from the Europe PMC text on 2026-10-08, including the moisture, water-activity and score tables. The score table printed is for one site; the other three sites are reported in figures, which were read from the text describing them. The authors work for the growers' federation's research centre. One washed coffee of one variety, one country.

Last checked October 2026.

Effect of green and roasted coffee storage conditions on selected characteristic quality parameters — J. Błaszkiewicz and colleagues — Scientific Reports, 13, 6447, 2023

Used for: washed and natural green coffee from Guatemala kept in jute and in a sealed polymer bag at three temperatures for up to twelve months, tasted and analysed every three months

Limits: Open access; read in full from the Europe PMC text on 2026-10-08. Five certified judges tasted the coffee in two blind sessions at each interval. The washed and the natural coffee came from two different farms in Huehuetenango, Guatemala, so differences the paper attributes to processing cannot be separated from the farm. Two jute samples at 20 degrees were dropped after six months. One author is from a roasting company.

Last checked October 2026.

Lipid Oxidation Changes of Arabica Green Coffee Beans during Accelerated Storage with Different Packaging Types — S. Aung Moon and colleagues — Foods, 11(19), 3040, 2022

Used for: oxidation of the fat in green arabica held for twenty days at raised temperatures in woven plastic, polyethylene and hermetic bags

Limits: Open access; read in full from the Europe PMC text on 2026-10-08. An accelerated test of 250-gram samples at 30, 40 and 50 degrees Celsius over twenty days; nobody tasted the coffee, and it began at about 7.5 per cent moisture, drier than the trade's usual range. Packaging made no significant difference to the fatty-acid totals.

Last checked October 2026.

Effect of growing conditions and postharvest processing on arabica coffee bean physical quality features and defects — M. Worku, T. Astatkie and P. Boeckx — Heliyon, 8(4), e09201 (2022), 2022

Used for: how elevation, production system, shade and processing relate to bean size, weight, density and counted defects in south-western Ethiopia

Limits: Open access; the abstract, the data-collection passage and the conclusion were read. It measured physical features only: no coffee was tasted, so it says nothing about whether size or density predicts the cup.

Last checked October 2026.

The Effects of FTO Certification on FOB Prices for Specialty Coffees: Specialty Coffee Transaction Guide Data Brief — Specialty Coffee Transaction Guide research team, Emory University, 2020

Used for: prices free on board in about 30,000 donated contracts for specialty coffee from the harvests of October 2016 to September 2019, comparing coffees certified both Fairtrade and organic with uncertified ones

Limits: Read in full as extracted text; the figures themselves are images and were read through the text that reports them. The authors say their 57 data donors are not necessarily representative of specialty buyers, and that the prices are free on board, which does not show how much reaches a farm. It is a descriptive brief from a research team, not a peer-reviewed paper, and it covers three seasons when the exchange price was unusually low.

Last checked October 2026.

Carbon and water footprint of coffee consumed in Finland: life cycle assessment — K. Usva, T. Sinkko, F. Silvenius, I. Riipi, H. Heusala — The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2020

Used for: a modelled carbon footprint and water scarcity impact, from land use change and cultivation to brewing at home, for coffee from eight farms in Brazil, Nicaragua, Colombia and Honduras roasted and drunk in Finland

Limits: Open full text from the research institute's repository, read as extracted text: the abstract, the system boundary and functional unit, the results passages on stage shares, roasting, packaging and transport, the discussion and the conclusions. The figures are images and the supplementary tables were not read. Eight farms; the authors say more representative samples are needed for national averages. The roastery ran on renewable electricity and biogas, and the consumption stage reflects Finnish electricity, so neither share transfers to another country.

Last checked October 2026.

Do smallholder farmers benefit from sustainability standards? A systematic review and meta-analysis — Meemken, E.-M., Global Food Security 26, 100373, 2020

Used for: a meta-analysis of 97 studies of sustainability standards and smallholder farmers across products and regions: effects on prices, yields, costs, profits and household income

Limits: Abstract only, read on the author's university research page; the publisher refused the request and no open copy was found. The figures quoted are the abstract's. It covers many crops and the abstract gives no result for coffee alone.

Last checked October 2026.

Metabolomic insights into the Arabica-like flavour of stenophylla coffee and the chemistry of quality coffee — E. Jan-Smith, H. Downes, A. P. Davis and colleagues — npj Science of Food, 9, 2025

Used for: the chemistry of unroasted stenophylla beans compared with arabica and robusta, with an introduction that restates where stenophylla grows wild and how much warmer that is than arabica's range

Limits: Open access; the abstract, introduction and sample selection were read from the Europe PMC text, and the results were not. Used for the introduction's statements about the species: undomesticated, from lowland forest in Upper West Africa at about 400 metres, at a mean annual temperature 6.2 to 6.8 degrees Celsius higher than arabica. Those statements are the same research group's summary of its own 2021 study, which is behind the publisher's access control. Seven wild samples; the paper is about bean chemistry, not about farming the species.

Last checked October 2026.

Comprehensive analysis of quality characteristics in main commercial coffee varieties and wild Arabica in Kenya — Ogutu C, Cherono S, Ntini C, Wang L, Han Y — Food Chemistry: X, 2022

Used for: the cultivars Kenyan production mainly comes from, how commercial green coffee in Kenya is graded, the predominance of wet processing, and what is and is not known about the cup quality of Ruiru 11 and the SL selections

Limits: Open-access; the introduction, the sample-preparation method and the passages on processing and grading were read from the Europe PMC full text, the chemical results only in summary. The statements CoffeeHQ takes from it are background the authors cite from others, chiefly a 2009 conference paper that was not opened. It is a chemistry study, not a survey of the Kenyan industry.

Last checked October 2026.

Working capital management impacts on small-scale coffee wet mills' financial performance in eastern Kenya — Othuon DO, Gatimbu KK, Musafiri CM, Ngetich FK — Heliyon, 2021

Used for: the number of counties in which coffee is grown, and the co-operative wet mills, altitude and rainy seasons of the coffee-growing part of Embu County

Limits: Open-access; the introduction and the description of the study area were read from the Europe PMC full text, the financial analysis not at all. Its figures for Embu and for Kenya are cited from statistical and trade bodies whose documents CoffeeHQ has not opened. It describes one county and must not be read as a description of Kenya.

Last checked October 2026.

A first insight into the involvement of phytohormones pathways in coffee resistance and susceptibility to Colletotrichum kahawae — Diniz I, Figueiredo A, Loureiro A, Batista D, Azinheira H, Várzea V, Pereira AP, Gichuru E, et al. — PLoS ONE, 2017

Used for: what coffee berry disease is, where and when it was first reported, where it occurs and how much of a crop it can take

Limits: Open-access; only the introduction was read, from the Europe PMC full text. The statements used are its background, each cited from earlier work that was not opened. The authors' affiliations include the Coffee Research Institute at Ruiru.

Last checked October 2026.

Genetic Control of Resistance to Colletotrichum kahawae in Coffee: Evidence of Polygenic Inheritance and Differential Host Genotype Responses to Pathogen Isolates — Quiroga-Cardona J, Loureiro A, Várzea VMP, Flórez-Ramos CP, Silva MDC — Plants (Basel), 2026

Used for: the conditions that favour coffee berry disease, and the durability and genetic sources of the resistance in Ruiru 11 and Batian

Limits: Open-access; only the introduction was read, from the Europe PMC full text. The statements used are its background, cited from earlier work that was not opened. The paper's own experiments concern Colombian breeding lines and are not used.

Last checked October 2026.

A History of Coffee Production in Kiambu County of Central Kenya, 1912-1978 — Njaramba NP — Mount Kenya University, 2016

Used for: the prohibition of coffee growing by Africans in colonial Kiambu, the lifting of the ban after 1952, the Swynnerton Plan and the first African growers and co-operatives

Limits: A master's thesis, read as the text the university's repository serves: the abstract, the statement of scope and the passages on the ban, the Swynnerton Plan and co-operatives, found by searching. Chapters were not read in full. It studies one county through archives and fifteen interviews and is not a national history. The publication date is recorded as the month on its title page.

Last checked October 2026.

Transformation of coffee-growing landscapes across Latin America. A review — Harvey CA, Pritts AA, Zwetsloot MJ, Jansen K, Pulleman MM, Armbrecht I, Avelino J, et al. — Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2021

Used for: the spread of coffee leaf rust through Latin America from 2008, replanting with resistant varieties, the loss of shade, abandonment and conversion of coffee land, coffee expanding into forest, and the introduction of robusta in Mexico and Nicaragua

Limits: Open-access; the introduction, the country table and the sections on each land-use trend were read from the Europe PMC full text, the sections on consequences and research needs only by searching for the three countries. It is a review: almost every figure CoffeeHQ takes from it is one it cites from another study, and each is reported as the review's citation of that study, which CoffeeHQ has not opened. The authors say that data on most of these trends are scarce or out of date. The publication date is recorded as the year only.

Last checked October 2026.

Origen, desarrollo y perspectivas de las cooperativas cafetaleras de Huatusco, Veracruz — Rojas-Herrera JJ, Olguín-Pérez AM — LiminaR. Estudios Sociales y Humanísticos, 2018

Used for: the Mexican Coffee Institute from its creation in 1958 to its liquidation in 1993, what it did for growers, and what followed for small producers in Veracruz and other states

Limits: Open-access, in Spanish; the introduction (the first two pages) was read from the journal's PDF and the rest searched for the institute's name. Its account of the institute is a summary resting on other authors it cites, and is not itself a history of the institute. Its counts of growers and cooperatives are for Huatusco and Veracruz and are not used. The publication date is recorded as the year only.

Last checked October 2026.

Investigations on the hot air roasting of coffee beans (doctoral thesis, Diss. ETH No. 13620) — S. Schenker — Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 2000

Used for: how heat reaches the bean, what the bean loses in weight and gains in volume, when aroma forms, why the temperature profile matters, and what the roasting literature to 2000 says about the degree of roast, fast roasting and cooling

Limits: A scanned copy of the thesis, hosted by a green-coffee retailer's library, was downloaded and its text layer read (the university's own repository returned no file): the summary, the literature review on roasting (sections 2.2.2 to 2.3.2), the discussion of structural changes and popping, the aroma-development summary and the conclusions. The text layer is machine-read from a scan and has small errors. Its own trials were mostly in a laboratory fluidised-bed roaster with one Colombian coffee, so its findings about air-to-bean ratio and temperature are findings about that set-up. Several statements used on CoffeeHQ are from its literature review and rest on the authors it cites (Clarke and Macrae 1987; Illy and Viani 1995), which were not opened. It is from 2000, and its remarks on industrial practice are of that date.

Last checked October 2026.

A universal color curve for roasted arabica coffee — L. Anokye-Bempah, T. Styczynski, W. D. Ristenpart and I. R. Donis-González — Scientific Reports, 15, 2025

Used for: how bean colour changes during a drum roast under seven different roast profiles, how colour is measured, and why colour scales from different instruments do not agree

Limits: Read in the open-access full text by passage: abstract, introduction, methods, the description of profiles, the discussion of roast-level names and the conclusion. Seven sixteen-minute profiles in one 5 kg drum roaster, with three arabica coffees; a correction to one figure and the discussion was published in October 2025 and is included in the text read. The authors say shorter roasts, other species and decaffeinated coffee were not tested, and that the link between their colour space and commercial roast-colour scales is still to be established.

Last checked October 2026.

Determination of volatile marker compounds of common coffee roast defects — N. Yang, C. Liu, X. Liu, T. K. Degn, M. Munchow and I. Fisk — Food Chemistry, 211, 2016

Used for: how one research group produced five roast faults on purpose (light, scorched, dark, baked, underdeveloped), and which aroma compounds each was associated with

Limits: Read in the open-access full text by passage: highlights, abstract, the roasting method and the conclusion. One washed Kenyan arabica in 1 kg batches on one drum roaster. The times and temperatures that define each fault are this study's choices, and its conclusion warns that the marker compounds may change with the green coffee. It measured aroma compounds, not taste; the sensory work is the 2019 paper by the same group.

Last checked October 2026.

Common roasting defects in coffee: aroma composition, sensory characterization and consumer perception — D. Giacalone, T. K. Degn, N. Yang, C. Liu, I. Fisk and M. Münchow — Food Quality and Preference, 71, 2019

Used for: whether trained tasters and consumers can tell deliberately faulty roasts from a reference roast, and which they prefer

Limits: Read as the authors' submitted manuscript on the University of Copenhagen's research portal (methods, results tables and discussion), not the published version, which the publisher refused. Six roasts of one washed Kenyan arabica; a trained panel and 83 consumers in Denmark. The authors call their results inconclusive on how the baked and underdeveloped roasts differ from the reference.

Last checked October 2026.

Effects of coffee roasting technologies on cup quality and bioactive compounds of specialty coffee beans — M. Bolka and S. Emire — Food Science and Nutrition, 8, 2020

Used for: whether a drum roaster, a fluidised-bed roaster or a traditional pan scored better in cupping for three Ethiopian coffees

Limits: Read in the open-access full text by passage: the comparison of roasters and the conclusions. Three Ethiopian coffees and one machine of each kind, so it cannot separate the kind of roaster from the particular machine. Used only for the finding that no one roaster scored best for all three coffees. Its statement about caffeine falling sharply during roasting disagrees with other sources in this register and is not used.

Last checked October 2026.

Influence of Various Processing Parameters on the Microbial Community Dynamics, Metabolomic Profiles, and Cup Quality During Wet Coffee Processing — S. J. Zhang, F. De Bruyn, V. Pothakos, G. F. Contreras, Z. Cai, C. Moccand, S. Weckx, L. De Vuyst — Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 2621, 2019

Used for: a large wet-processing experiment comparing depulping with mechanical demucilaging, standard with extended fermentation, and soaking with none, tasted by a trained panel

Limits: One variety (Catimor) at one farm in Yunnan in one cold season, in duplicate; the authors say the size of each effect would depend on variety and place. Two of the authors' affiliations are with a coffee company's research centre, where the tasting was done. Open full text read by passage: abstract, materials and methods, sensory method and conclusion.

Last checked October 2026.

Microbiological and Chemical Characteristics of Wet Coffee Fermentation Inoculated With Hansinaspora uvarum and Pichia kudriavzevii and Their Impact on Coffee Sensory Quality — H. Elhalis, J. Cox, D. Frank, J. Zhao — Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 713969, 2021

Used for: wet fermentations inoculated with two yeasts compared with a spontaneous one, with green-bean chemistry and a cup test

Limits: One trial; the cup test was by three tasters. Higher scores were found for flavour, aroma and acidity and no significant difference for six other attributes. Open full text read by passage: abstract, introduction, sensory method and results, conclusion.

Last checked October 2026.

Characterization of volatile compounds and microbial diversity of Arabica coffee in honey processing method based on different mucilage retention treatments — F. Hu and colleagues — Food Chemistry: X, 25, 102251, 2025

Used for: honey-processed arabica dried with five levels of mucilage left on, with the colour names the study attaches to each level, green-bean volatiles and microbial communities

Limits: One site in Yunnan. It analysed green beans, not roasted coffee, and included no tasting; the authors say sensory analysis of roasted beans is still necessary. Its colour names are its own working definitions, not a standard, and are not evidence of how the words are used in Costa Rica or elsewhere. Open full text read by passage.

Last checked October 2026.

Advances in Coffee Drying: A Comprehensive Review of Traditional, Solar, Mechanical, Hybrid, and Emerging Methods — E. Duque-Dussán and colleagues — Foods (MDPI), 2026

Used for: a review of coffee drying methods: patios, raised beds, parabolic houses, solar, mechanical and hybrid dryers

Limits: A review; the field studies it summarises were not opened, so its comparative figures are second-hand. Open full text read by passage: the introduction and the sections on patios, raised beds and parabolic houses. The mechanical and emerging-method sections were not read.

Last checked October 2026.

Waste Water Management in Wet Coffee Processing Mills and their Impact on the Water Quality Status of Gidabo River and its Tributaries — M. D. Ulsido, M. Z. Geleto, Y. S. Berego — Environmental Health Insights, 18, 2024

Used for: water use and wastewater at wet coffee mills in one Ethiopian watershed, with a table of water use reported from other countries

Limits: One watershed. The other countries' figures are a table of other authors' reports, which were not opened, and the text does not say whether a kilogram means cherry or finished coffee. Open full text read by passage.

Last checked October 2026.

Genetic diversity of the fungal community that contributes to the sensory quality of coffee beverage after carbonic maceration and fermentation — T. L. Entringer, J. M. R. da Luz, T. G. R. Veloso, L. L. Pereira and others — 3 Biotech (Springer), 2024

Used for: the fungi present in small sealed bags of Catuaí cherries fermented under injected carbon dioxide at three temperatures and five durations

Limits: One farm and one variety, in bags of 2.6 kg. It has no treatment without the gas and reports its tasting in a separate paper that was not read. Abstract, methods, discussion and conclusion read on the publisher's archive page.

Last checked October 2026.

Label Information About Fermentation Processing Affects Consumers' Sensory and Hedonic Judgements of Specialty Coffee — F. M. Carvalho, M. M. M. de Sousa, D. H. S. Nadaleti — Foods (MDPI), 2026

Used for: a tasting experiment in which 180 consumers rated one coffee under three labels: no processing information, 'fermentation' and 'carbonic maceration'

Limits: One coffee, one city, consumers recruited through speciality coffee shops' social media. It measures what a label does to expectation and liking, not what any process does to coffee. Open full text read by passage: abstract, hypotheses, participants, stimuli and conclusions.

Last checked October 2026.

Influence of Flow Rate, Particle Size, and Temperature on Espresso Extraction Kinetics — B. K. L. Schmieder, V. B. Pannusch, L. Vannieuwenhuyse, H. Briesen, M. Minceva — Foods (MDPI), 2023

Used for: an experiment that collected ten consecutive fractions of espresso while varying water flow rate, grind setting and temperature, and measured caffeine, trigonelline, a chlorogenic acid and dissolved solids in each

Limits: One coffee, one grinder across a narrow band of settings and one flow-controlled machine, which is not how most espresso machines work. The authors say their data support qualitative trends only. Nobody tasted the shots. Open full text read by passage: abstract, introduction, the method for the machine, the discussion of flow and pressure, and the conclusions.

Last checked October 2026.

The effect of bean origin and temperature on grinding roasted coffee — E. Uman, M. Colonna-Dashwood, L. Colonna-Dashwood, M. Perger, C. Klatt, S. Leighton, B. Miller, K. T. Butler, B. C. Melot, R. W. Speirs, C. H. Hendon — Scientific Reports, 2016

Used for: measurements of the particle size distribution produced by one grinder at one setting from four coffees, and from one coffee ground at four bean temperatures

Limits: Four light-to-medium roasted coffees, one large shop grinder at a single setting. The authors say they can only speculate about darker roasts, and that it is not clear whether an ideal particle size distribution exists. No coffee was brewed or tasted. Several authors worked for coffee businesses and a grinder maker. Open full text read by passage: abstract, methods, the results on origin and on temperature, and the caption giving the measured cut-offs.

Last checked October 2026.

Strategies to mitigate electrostatic charging during coffee grinding — J. M. Harper, R. E. Bumbaugh, C. H. Hendon — iScience, 2024

Used for: a comparison of four ways of reducing static charge when grinding coffee, with espresso made from the results

Limits: Three coffees roasted on a sample roaster, one large shop grinder. The authors note that other coffees may behave differently and that the amount of water needed may vary. It measured the concentration of espresso, not its taste. Some grinder makers advise against adding water to beans, and the paper does not address wear or corrosion. Open full text read by passage: summary, highlights, limitations and the opening of the methods.

Last checked October 2026.

Acidity and Antioxidant Activity of Cold Brew Coffee — N. Z. Rao, M. Fuller — Scientific Reports, 2018

Used for: a chemical comparison of cold-brewed and hot-brewed coffee made from the same six light-roast coffees at the same ratio

Limits: Six light-roast coffees and one recipe for each method. It measured pH, titratable acidity and antioxidant activity; nobody tasted the coffee, and the authors say more research is needed before any health conclusion. CoffeeHQ draws none. Open full text read by passage: abstract and conclusions.

Last checked October 2026.

Physiochemical Characteristics of Hot and Cold Brew Coffee Chemistry: The Effects of Roast Level and Brewing Temperature on Compound Extraction — N. Z. Rao, M. Fuller, M. D. Grim — Foods (MDPI), 2020

Used for: a chemical comparison of hot and cold brews of one Colombian arabica roasted to three degrees

Limits: One coffee at three roast degrees. Chemical and physical measurements only; no tasting. Open full text read by passage: the results on pH (cold brews higher than hot by 0.20 to 0.34 of a unit) and on dissolved solids.

Last checked October 2026.

Variability of some diterpene esters in coffee beverages as influenced by brewing procedures — M. Moeenfard, G. L. Erny, A. Alves — Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2016

Used for: measurements of cafestol and kahweol esters in coffee made by boiling, French press, moka pot, paper-filtered drip and from instant, capsule and pod products

Limits: One laboratory's recipes for each method, prepared in duplicate, plus thirteen shop-bought products. It measured the esters, not the free compounds, and drew no conclusion about health that CoffeeHQ repeats. Read on the public archive: abstract, the preparation methods and the results text giving the ordering of the brews (boiled highest, then French press; moka and espresso intermediate; filtered and instant lowest). The tables themselves were not transcribed.

Last checked October 2026.

Time-Resolved Gravimetric Method To Assess Degassing of Roasted Coffee — S. Smrke, M. Wellinger, T. Suzuki, F. Balsiger, S. E. W. Opitz, C. Yeretzian — Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66(21), 5293-5300, 2018

Used for: weight lost as gas by whole and ground roasted coffee over hundreds of hours, by roast degree and roast speed

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text from the university repository copy: abstract, introduction, methods, the whole-bean results and the conclusion; the modelling section and the ground-coffee results only in part. One arabica from El Salvador roasted nine ways for the whole-bean work. Degassing was measured in a vented container held at 35 degrees Celsius, which the authors say mimics a bag with a valve; it is not a kitchen cupboard. The figures for gas lost on grinding are the paper's citations of earlier work, not its own measurements. No coffee was brewed or tasted.

Last checked October 2026.

Freshness Indices of Roasted Coffee: Monitoring the Loss of Freshness for Single Serve Capsules and Roasted Whole Beans in Different Packaging — A. N. Glöss, B. Schönbächler, M. Rast, L. Deuber, C. Yeretzian — CHIMIA, 68(3), 179-182, 2014

Used for: ratios of volatile compounds in the headspace of roasted whole beans in four packaging materials and of four capsule systems, followed for up to a year

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text, all four pages. It measured ratios of volatile compounds, not taste: the authors say research was continuing into whether the findings are reflected in the cup. One arabica for the whole-bean work. Its statements about hexanal and about staling being perceptible earlier are its summary of older studies that were not opened.

Last checked October 2026.

Evaluation of the Caffeine Content in Servings of Popular Coffees in Terms of Its Safe Intake — R. E. Wierzejska, I. Gielecińska — Nutrients, 16(15), 2385, 2024

Used for: measured caffeine in 299 servings of coffee bought from shops or prepared in a laboratory in Poland

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text: abstract, introduction, methods, results text and discussion; the tables were read through the text that describes them. Coffees bought in Warsaw and home-style brews made by pouring hot water over a teaspoon of ground or instant coffee, which is the Polish habit and not a filter or espresso recipe. Its figures describe those servings. Its statements about intake limits are its restatement of the European Food Safety Authority's opinion, which was not itself opened.

Last checked October 2026.

Influence of Various Factors on Caffeine Content in Coffee Brews — E. Olechno, A. Puścion-Jakubik, M. E. Zujko, K. Socha — Foods, 10(6), 1208, 2021

Used for: a review of studies from 2010 to 2020 on how species, method, roast, grind and recipe affect the caffeine measured in brewed coffee

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text: abstract, introduction, the summary of extremes and the conclusions; the long results tables were not read row by row. The authors themselves say the studies they compare used different amounts of coffee and water and that some did not report caffeine per serving. The green-coffee composition figures are its citations of earlier sources.

Last checked October 2026.

The Effect of Time, Roasting Temperature, and Grind Size on Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid Concentrations in Cold Brew Coffee — M. Fuller and N. Z. Rao — Scientific Reports, 7, 17979, 2017

Used for: measured caffeine concentration in cold brew and in French press coffee made from the same coffees at the same ratio

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text, tables included. One arabica coffee from Hawaii at two roasts and two grinds, 35 g in 350 ml of water. It reports concentrations in the liquid, not the volume recovered, so caffeine per gram of coffee worked from it is caffeine dissolved and overstates what reaches the cup.

Last checked October 2026.

Contents of chlorogenic acids and caffeine in various coffee-related products — J.-S. Jeon, H.-T. Kim, I.-H. Jeong, S.-R. Hong, M.-S. Oh, M.-H. Yoon, J.-H. Shim, J. H. Jeong and A. M. Abd El-Aty — Journal of Advanced Research, 17, 85-94

Used for: measured caffeine in instant, ready-to-drink, home-brewed and shop coffees sold in South Korea

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text, tables included. Home brews were about 10 g of ground coffee with 200 ml of boiling water through a filter; the weight is given as approximate and the volume recovered is not reported. Instant sticks are about 1 g by the label. Shop coffees have no stated dose.

Last checked October 2026.

Analysis of Caffeine, Chlorogenic Acid, Trigonelline, and Volatile Compounds in Cold Brew Coffee Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry — J. Heo, K. Adhikari, K. S. Choi and J. Lee — Foods, 9(12), 1746

Used for: measured caffeine in cold brew and coffee-maker coffee made from the same coffees at 7 g per 100 ml

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text: methods and the table of caffeine, chlorogenic acid and trigonelline. Four coffees, species not stated; cold brews steeped 9 hours at 4 degrees. Concentrations in the liquid only.

Last checked October 2026.

Espresso coffees, caffeine and chlorogenic acid intake: potential health implications — T. W. M. Crozier, A. Stalmach, M. E. J. Lean and A. Crozier — Food & Function, 3, 30-33

Used for: caffeine measured in twenty espressos bought from coffee shops

Limits: Abstract only; the publisher refused the request for the full text. The abstract gives a six-fold range and a highest value of 322 mg and no lowest value, no volumes and no doses.

Last checked October 2026.

Variations in caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents of coffees: what are we drinking? — I. A. Ludwig, P. Mena, L. Calani, C. Cid, D. Del Rio, M. E. J. Lean and A. Crozier — Food & Function, 5, 1718-1726

Used for: caffeine measured in 104 espressos bought from coffee shops in Scotland, Italy and Spain

Limits: Abstract only. It gives the range per serving and no doses. A later review describes this paper's own laboratory espressos; that description is second-hand and is not used.

Last checked October 2026.

Caffeine content of specialty coffees — R. R. McCusker, B. A. Goldberger and E. J. Cone — Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 27(7), 520-522

Used for: caffeine measured in brewed and espresso coffees bought from coffee shops in the United States

Limits: Abstract only; the full text is behind a paywall. Means and ranges per serving, with no doses.

Last checked October 2026.

Caffeine content of decaffeinated coffee — R. R. McCusker, B. Fuehrlein, B. A. Goldberger, M. S. Gold and E. J. Cone — Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 30(8), 611-613

Used for: caffeine measured in decaffeinated brewed coffee and espresso bought from coffee shops in the United States

Limits: Abstract only. Ten brewed samples from different outlets and twelve from one outlet; ranges per serving.

Last checked October 2026.

Biochemical composition of green and roasted coffee beans and their association with coffee quality from different districts of southwest Ethiopia — A. Sualeh, K. Tolessa and A. Mohammed — Heliyon, 6(12), e05812

Used for: caffeine, trigonelline and chlorogenic acids in green and roasted arabica from nine Ethiopian districts, with cup scores

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text: abstract, results text for the district tables, discussion and the correlation passage; the tables were read through the text describing them. One region, one roast. Its correlations between composition and cup scores are for that set of coffees.

Last checked October 2026.

Thermostability of bioactive compounds during roasting process of coffee beans — F. M. Mehaya and A. A. Mohammad — Heliyon, 6(11), e05508

Used for: chlorogenic acid, caffeine, hydroxymethylfurfural and colour in coffee beans heated at three temperatures for up to 40 minutes

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text: methods and results. Beans were heated as a single layer in a laboratory drying oven, not in a coffee roaster, and the species is not stated in the passages read. Its directions of change are usable; its rates are not those of roasting.

Last checked October 2026.

Risk Assessment of Trigonelline in Coffee and Coffee By-Products — N. Konstantinidis, H. Franke, S. Schwarz and D. W. Lachenmeier — Molecules, 28(8), 3460

Used for: trigonelline content of coffee and its by-products, and what happens to it on heating

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text: the passage on thermal decomposition and the table of contents by material. Everything quoted from it is its summary of earlier studies, none of which was opened.

Last checked October 2026.

Effect of Roasting Level on the Development of Key Aroma-Active Compounds in Coffee — A. M. Obando and J. G. Figueroa — Molecules, 29(19), 4723

Used for: which volatile compounds assessors could smell in one coffee roasted to four degrees

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text: abstract, results, discussion and conclusions; figures not seen. One coffee, one roaster, and the darkest roast is extremely dark. Odour descriptions are its assessors' at the instrument, not a tasting of brewed coffee.

Last checked October 2026.

Interest of Coffee Melanoidins as Sustainable Healthier Food Ingredients — A. Iriondo-DeHond, A. Rodríguez Casas and M. D. del Castillo — Frontiers in Nutrition, 8, 730343

Used for: what coffee melanoidins are made of, where they occur and what has been attributed to them

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text: the sections on structure and on melanoidins in the brew. A review written to argue for melanoidins as food ingredients; its health statements are not used. The concentration in brewed coffee and the link to bitterness are its citations of earlier work.

Last checked October 2026.

World Coffee Research Sensory Lexicon, version 2.0 (unabridged definitions and references) — World Coffee Research, 2017

Used for: what a sensory lexicon is, how this one was built and is used, and the reference and intensity given for each taste, aroma and mouthfeel attribute

Limits: The introduction, the how-to-use section and the taste and mouthfeel entries read as extracted text from the PDF; most of the 110 attribute entries were not read one by one. Built from 105 arabica samples with no defective coffees, and its references are mostly United States branded products.

Last checked October 2026.

Using Single Free Sorting and Multivariate Exploratory Methods to Design a New Coffee Taster's Flavor Wheel — M. Spencer, E. Sage, M. Velez and J.-X. Guinard — Journal of Food Science, 81(12), S2997-S3005, 2016

Used for: how the 2016 flavour wheel was constructed from the lexicon: who sorted the words, how, and how the clusters became a wheel

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text: abstract, methods and the results on clustering; figures not seen. The sorting was of words, with no coffee tasted, so the wheel records how experts group the terms and not how coffees are distributed among them.

Last checked October 2026.

Impact of beverage temperature on consumer preferences for black coffee — W. D. Ristenpart, A. R. Cotter and J.-X. Guinard — Scientific Reports, 12, 20621, 2022

Used for: how the temperature at which black coffee is tasted affected consumers' ratings of temperature, liking and the adequacy of flavour, acidity and mouthfeel

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text: abstract, methods and results; figures not seen. One coffee, 118 consumers in California, tasting temperatures only from 56 to 71 degrees Celsius. It measured acceptance, not what could be perceived.

Last checked October 2026.

Validation of the Coffee Cuality Method for the Expert Assessment of Coffee Sensory Quality — J.-X. Guinard, L. X. Lim, B. Elliott and A. Cotter — Foods, 15, 678, 2026

Used for: how 56 coffee experts scored twelve coffees by their usual method and by another, how far they agreed, and the criticisms made of hundred-point scoring

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text: introduction, method summary and discussion; tables and figures read only through the text describing them. The authors developed and trademarked the method being validated, so its criticisms of other scoring systems come from an interested party.

Last checked October 2026.

Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Espresso Protocol Repeatability — J. Choi, J. Lee and E. Chambers IV — Foods, 14, 591, 2025

Used for: whether experienced tasters in five countries chose the same descriptors for the same espresso on three occasions

Limits: Open full text: abstract, the repeatability results and the conclusion read as extracted text. Forty-six experts, eight coffees, espresso only, one check-list protocol; roast and recipe differed between countries.

Last checked October 2026.

An Overview of Sensory Characterization Techniques: From Classical Descriptive Analysis to the Emergence of Novel Profiling Methods — C. Marques, E. Correia, L.-T. Dinis and A. Vilela — Foods, 11, 255, 2022

Used for: what discrimination tests such as the triangle and duo-trio test are, and the chance of a correct answer by guessing

Limits: Open review; only the passages on discrimination tests were read. A general food-science overview, not about coffee, and it cites the test standards without reproducing them.

Last checked October 2026.

Distinguishing between Decaffeinated and Regular Coffee by HS-SPME-GC×GC-TOFMS, Chemometrics, and Machine Learning — Y. Zou, M. Gaida, F. A. Franchina, P.-H. Stefanuto and J.-F. Focant — Molecules, 27(6), 1806, 2022

Used for: which groups of aroma compounds differed between eight pairs of regular and decaffeinated coffees, and a summary of the three families of decaffeination process

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text: introduction, the description of the samples, the results on chemical families and the conclusions. Eight pairs of capsule coffees from five vendors, bought in supermarkets; three pairs were matched for origin, species and roast, and the vendors used different decaffeination processes, which the study did not set out to compare. It measured compounds in the air above the coffee and nobody tasted it. Its explanations of why each family differed are the authors' reasoning from earlier work, not measurements. Its remark that water and carbon dioxide processes are considered healthier is the authors' aside and is not used.

Last checked October 2026.

Between Bitterness and Sweetness: How Decaffeination and Sweeteners Shape the Sensory Experience of Espresso Coffee — K. V. C. Cusielo, A. C. de Medeiros, E. Y. Hiramatsu and H. M. A. Bolini — Journal of Food Science, 2026

Used for: how a trained panel described sweetened regular and decaffeinated espresso made from one commercial product sold in both versions

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text, in a second reading with the results tables: materials, panel selection, Tables 2 to 4 and the conclusion. Every sample was sweetened (sucrose, sucralose or stevia); thirteen trained assessors made the descriptive profile, although the abstract says eighteen. Espresso made on one bean-to-cup machine at 7 g to 50 mL from one commercial coffee sold in regular and decaffeinated versions; the decaffeination process is not stated and is not the variable studied.

Last checked October 2026.

Effects of Coffee Decaffeination on Beverage Bioactives, Antioxidant Activity, and Lipid Metabolism in Hyperlipidemic Rats — A. R. Lima and others — Journal of Food Science, 2026

Used for: that decaffeination is carried out on green coffee before roasting, the technologies in use, and that it changes compounds other than caffeine

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text, in a second reading with Table 1 and the discussion of it. Used for its introduction's account of decaffeination, for the measured caffeine in its four brews (10 g to 100 mL) and for the direction of each change: more chlorogenic acids and trigonelline, less of the lipid fraction, in the decaffeinated brews. One arabica and one robusta, each with a dichloromethane-decaffeinated counterpart from the same supplier. Its animal results and every health statement in it are not used.

Last checked October 2026.

Comparison of freeze-drying and spray-freeze-drying coffee with different roast degrees — J.-A. Lin, H.-C. Li, J.-X. Huang, H.-Y. Chen, H.-P. Cheng and C.-C. Cheng — Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 50, 2026

Used for: how the introduction of one drying study characterises spray drying and freeze drying of coffee extract

Limits: First read as quotations returned by a page-fetching tool; in a second reading the abstract and introduction were read on the journal's own page. The study's own experiment compares freeze drying with spray-freeze drying, not with spray drying, and its results were not read. Used only for its introduction's characterisation of the two established drying routes, which is itself a summary of earlier literature not opened here.

Last checked October 2026.

Impact of Environmental Humidity on Instant Coffee Stability: Defining Moisture Thresholds for Quality Degradation and Shelf Life Prediction — M. Lopriore, M. Alongi, M. Valentino, M. Anese and M. C. Nicoli — Foods, 14(10), 1826, 2025

Used for: how one instant coffee, taken out of its jar, took up moisture and changed at three levels of humidity over months

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text: abstract, introduction, materials, the moisture-uptake results and the conclusions. One product from one batch, spread in an open 5 mm layer at 20 degrees Celsius, which is far more exposed than coffee in a closed jar. The 2 to 4 per cent moisture and the 5 to 7 per cent caking threshold are its citations of earlier work.

Last checked October 2026.

Extraction of single serve coffee capsules: linking properties of ground coffee to extraction dynamics and cup quality — A. Eiermann, S. Smrke, L.-M. Guélat, M. Wellinger, A. Rahn and C. Yeretzian — Scientific Reports, 10, 17079, 2020

Used for: what was in 43 capsules of one geometry, how they extracted on one machine, and what governed strength and extraction time

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text, including Table 1, whose 43 rows were parsed to obtain the ranges quoted. One capsule format, one machine, a fixed 40 g drink. Tasting was by three certified graders reaching a consensus score; the authors found the scores unrelated to the technical measurements. Internal pressure was estimated, not measured directly.

Last checked October 2026.

Life Cycle Assessment of Compostable Coffee Pods: A US University Based Case Study — K. Kooduvalli, U. K. Vaidya and S. Ozcan — Scientific Reports, 10, 9158, 2020

Used for: a modelled comparison of the packaging of a plastic and a compostable single-serve pod on one university campus, with landfill and composting as end points

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text: goal and scope, exclusions, the component energy results, the impact-category discussion and the conclusion; figures not seen. It models pod packaging only. The coffee, the machine and its electricity are outside its boundary, so it says nothing about pods against other ways of brewing. One campus, one composting facility.

Last checked October 2026.

Applications of Compounds from Coffee Processing By-Products — A. Iriondo-DeHond, M. Iriondo-DeHond and M. D. del Castillo — Biomolecules, 10(9), 1219, 2020

Used for: what the by-products of coffee processing are, how much of each arises, and their regulatory position as food in the European Union

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text: abstract, the definitions of each by-product and the section on safety and regulatory status. A review written to argue for by-products as food ingredients. Its quantities are citations of earlier studies not opened here, and its health-related statements, drawn largely from laboratory and animal work, are not used.

Last checked October 2026.

Valorization of spent coffee grounds and their applications in food science — U. Choe — Current Research in Food Science, 10, 101010, 2025

Used for: what spent coffee grounds contain, the uses proposed for them, and the food-safety questions the review says remain open

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text: abstract, introduction, the composition section and the statement of future work. A short graphical review; each use it lists is a citation of a study not opened here, and it reports proposals and laboratory results, not established practice. Its health statements are not used.

Last checked October 2026.

China and the changing economic geography of coffee value chains — J. Neilson and J.-H. Z. Wang — Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 40(3), 429-451, 2019

Used for: how Yunnan became a coffee producer, the part played by Nestlé and Starbucks, the prefectures and who dominates each, the ways land and labour are organised, the state-backed companies, China's coffee trade by form and price, and Chinese investment across the border

Limits: Open full text read in full, references excluded. Based on 74 interviews and UN Comtrade data; its history is cited from Chinese-language works not opened here (Hu 2014, Chang 1942), and several figures are a company's own claims (the area and households of one firm) or a company representative's statement. It says itself that annual production is hard to establish. Its map of growing areas is an image. Fieldwork ended in 2017, so it does not cover the years since. Published under a non-commercial, no-derivatives licence: cited, not reproduced.

Last checked October 2026.

Using farmers' local knowledge of tree provision of ecosystem services to strengthen the emergence of coffee-agroforestry landscapes in southwest China — C. Rigal, P. Vaast and J. Xu — PLoS ONE, 13(9), e0204046, 2018

Used for: how coffee is farmed in Pu'er and Xishuangbanna: elevation, farm sizes, the cultivar planted, planting density and fertiliser, wet processing on farms, the 2012 campaign to plant shade trees, and what farmers know about those trees

Limits: Open full text; the abstract, introduction, study-site description and the passages on farms and frost were read, the tree rankings and statistics were not. It describes two prefectures in the south of Yunnan, not the province: its elevation band, farm sizes and cultivar shares are for those two. The cultivar shares, the area under coffee and the national tonnage are its citations of works not opened here.

Last checked October 2026.

Chill topped historical Arabica coffee yield loss among climate stressors in Yunnan, China, followed by drought — X. Wang, T. Ye, L. Fan, X. Liu, M. Zhang, Y. Zhu and T. W. Gole — npj Natural Hazards, 2, 32, 2025

Used for: how frost, drought and heat have affected arabica yields in 29 counties of Yunnan over three decades, with the province's output, harvested area, cultivar, altitude range, growth stages and the frost of 2017 and drought of 2019

Limits: Open full text; the abstract, introduction, results summary, discussion and the data and methods sections were read as extracted text, the model tables and figures were not studied. A statistical study of county yields from provincial yearbooks: its results are associations in a model that explains about a quarter of the variation, and it says its finding on heat is not robust. The cultivar share, the 2017 and 2019 damage figures and the share of plots without irrigation are its citations of works not opened here. The publication day is not stated in the text read; the month is from the journal.

Last checked October 2026.

Reform of the Coffee Sector in Burundi: Prospects for Participation, Prosperity and Peace — Jean-Paul Kimonyo and Damase Ntiranyibagira — International Alert, 2007

Used for: the history of coffee in Burundi from its introduction under colonial rule to 2006: coercion, the expansion of the 1950s, nationalisation in 1976, the washing-station companies of 1991, what growers were paid, the sector's debts, production and prices by season from 1990/91 to 2005/06, and coffee's share of export earnings

Limits: A 42-page study by a peace-building organisation, read in full for the introduction and chapters 1 and 2 (to section 2.4), not beyond. It argues a case: that growers should share in the ownership of the washing stations. Its colonial history is two sentences with no citation. Its tables are credited to the coffee board and the central bank, which CoffeeHQ did not open. Table 1 has a misprinted season label and heads its tree-count column 'thousands' where the text says millions; only its production column is used.

Last checked October 2026.

'Changing Grounds'. The Development of Coffee Production in the Lake Kivu Region (1918-1960/62) — Sven Van Melkebeke — African Economic History Network, 2018

Used for: how coffee growing developed under Belgian rule on the two sides of Lake Kivu: European plantations in the eastern Congo, African smallholders in Ruanda-Urundi, and how land and labour were mobilised in each

Limits: The author's own summary of his doctoral thesis (Ghent University, 2017), read in full; the thesis itself was not opened. Its subject is the Congo and Rwanda. Burundi appears only inside the figures for the mandate territory of Ruanda-Urundi as a whole, which cannot be divided between the two countries from this text, and its account of labour is about Rwanda. Its two charts are images.

Last checked October 2026.

Diagnostic agronomique des pratiques culturales paysannes dans les vergers caféiers de Côte d'Ivoire — C. Eponon, D. Snoeck, E. Kassin, J. Keli and D. Kone — Cahiers Agricultures, 26, 45007, 2017

Used for: a survey of 156 coffee plots in 18 localities of the seven coffee regions of Côte d'Ivoire: plot size, age of the trees, planting material, density, shade, weeding, pruning, spraying, fertiliser and yield, with the authors' explanation of why production has fallen

Limits: Read in full, in French, as text extracted from the copy in CIRAD's open archive; its three figures are images. Authors are from the Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, CIRAD and the national research centre. The plots were chosen along roads, so the sample is not a census. The text and its own Table 2 disagree in three places (what the land carried before coffee, how often plots are weeded, and a mean yield given as 325 and as 327 kilograms a hectare); CoffeeHQ uses the figures the abstract and the table agree on and leaves out the weeding frequencies. National tonnages in its introduction are its citation of FAOSTAT, not its own.

Last checked October 2026.

Counting Workers in Côte d'Ivoire (1946-1960): Tensions and Debates Between the Colonial Administration, European Settlers, and African Planters — Chikouna Cissé — International Labor and Working-Class History, 108, 235-252 (Cambridge University Press), 2025

Used for: forced labour on the coffee, cocoa and timber concessions of colonial Côte d'Ivoire, its abolition by the law of 11 April 1946, and the contest over labour figures between European planters, African planters and the administration that followed

Limits: The abstract, introduction and the first two sections were read in the open-access full text; the section on the flaws of the counting and the conclusion were searched for coffee and not read through. A historian's article built on colonial archives in Senegal, Mali, Côte d'Ivoire and France and on interviews; its subject is statistics about labour, not coffee growing, and coffee appears together with cocoa, bananas and timber throughout. Every figure it gives is from a colonial report it cites, and the article's own argument is that such figures were unreliable and were used as weapons.

Last checked October 2026.

L'hybridation interspécifique entre Coffea arabica L. et Coffea canephora Pierre: obtention et comparaison des hybrides triploïdes, Arabusta et hexaploïdes (première partie) — J. Berthaud — Café Cacao Thé, 22(1), 3-12; copy in the IRD open archive, 1978

Used for: how fertile hybrids between arabica and canephora are obtained, including the tetraploid hybrids called Arabusta first made at the French coffee and cocoa institute in Côte d'Ivoire

Limits: Only the introduction and the description of the parent plants were read, in French, from a scanned copy whose extracted text has recognition errors. The first part of a published thesis by a researcher working in Côte d'Ivoire with the institute that made the hybrids. Used for one point: what Arabusta is and where it was first made, which the paper attributes to Capot's publications of 1968 and 1972, not opened. It says nothing about how much Arabusta was ever planted.

Last checked October 2026.

Análisis de la producción y consumo de café en Ecuador — D. R. Vinocunga-Pillajo, F. M. Jiménez Tamayo, J. P. Pico Poma, D. A. Sarabia-Guevara, E. Guardado Yordi and A. Pérez-Martínez — Agroindustrial Science, 15(3), 283-293 (Universidad Nacional de Trujillo), 2025

Used for: coffee area planted and harvested and production by province of Ecuador from the national statistics institute's 2022 agricultural survey, national production for 2018 to 2022 from the agriculture ministry's information system, the value of coffee exports and imports, variety shares from a 2018 ministry yield report, processing methods and public programmes

Limits: Read in full in Spanish as extracted text. A documentary review by a university group: every figure is its citation of the statistics institute, the ministry or an earlier paper, none of which was opened, and its five charts are images. It is loose in places. It prints trade values as dollars where they can only be thousands of dollars; it says seeds are imported from Vietnam and Brazil where its own source, the attaché's report, says beans; it dates a fall in area to 60,000 hectares to 2002 where the attaché's report dates it to 2022; and it calls the 2022 crop double that of 2021 where its own figures make it about 1.6 times. Its regional shares add up to 101 per cent. Used for the official figures it transcribes, each attributed to the body it names.

Last checked October 2026.

Scientific, Technical, and Social Challenges of Coffee Rural Production in Ecuador — M. C. Echeverría, S. Ortega-Andrade, S. Obando and M. Nuti — Chapter in Sustainable Agricultural Value Chain (IntechOpen), 2022

Used for: coffee growing in Ecuador as a rural activity: the regions and their conditions, growers' associations, the varieties grown, shade systems, pests, harvesting and the three processing methods

Limits: An open-access book chapter by university authors. Sections 1 to 5 were read as extracted text; the later sections on fermentation microbiology and by-products were only scanned. It contains errors that limit what can be taken from it: it dates the first record of coffee exports to 1980, where a 1922 trade history records exports from 1855; it gives world export earnings as Ecuador's; and it gives Ecuador's 2020 exports as under 15,000 bags, far below the attaché's figures. Its figure showing where each species grows is an image. Used only for its table of growers' associations, its list of varieties, its regional conditions table and its statement about which process is used for which species, each attributed to it.

Last checked October 2026.

Part 5: Cash income from agriculture, section 5.4 Coffee, in Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea — M. Allen, R. M. Bourke and A. McGregor (part authors); R. M. Bourke and T. Harwood (editors) — ANU E Press, The Australian National University, 2009

Used for: coffee in Papua New Guinea to 2007: introduction and adoption, the colonial administration's limits on plantation land and on planting under the 1962 International Coffee Agreement, the coffee blocks of the early 1980s, production by province and by sector, area, yield surveys from 1960 to 1995, harvest season, processors, exporters and destinations, and the borer then present across the border

Limits: Open-access academic book. Section 5.4 (pages 306 to 313) was read in full as extracted text, with its yield table and Box 5.4; the rest of Part 5 only where it mentions coffee. Its charts are images: the provincial shares, the destination shares and the sector split were taken from the printed labels and the text, not read off curves. Most of its figures are the Coffee Industry Corporation's, as it says. It stops at 2007, a decade before the coffee berry borer arrived. The history chapter it refers to for the 1873 introduction was not obtained in full. The publication date is recorded as the month the press gives.

Last checked October 2026.

Improving livelihoods of smallholder families through increased productivity of coffee-based farming systems in the highlands of PNG: final report (ASEM/2008/036, FR2017-08) — G. Curry, M. Webb and G. Koczberski, with J. Pakatul, S. M. Inu, E. Kiup, M. Hamago, L. Aroga and others — Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 2017

Used for: smallholder coffee at four sites in Eastern Highlands Province: who grows it, the six arabica varieties in commercial use and which of them smallholders keep, parchment prices by grade, how coffee reaches a road, labour and gender, extension, soil nutrients, and the decline of the plantation sector

Limits: A project final report, not a peer-reviewed paper. Read as extracted text: the executive summary, background, site descriptions, section 7 on coffee production, varieties, sales and market access, and the conclusions; the soil-nutrient sections only by search. Its findings are from four sites in one province and are not national. The national figures in its background are citations of the Coffee Industry Corporation, the 2011 census and others, none opened here. Its charts of variety proportions are images and were not read; only the proportions stated in the text are used. The publication date is recorded as the month printed.

Last checked October 2026.

Improving livelihoods of smallholder coffee communities in Papua New Guinea: final report (ASEM/2016/100, FR2024-028) — G. N. Curry, T. Sharp, E. Kiup, M. Thomas, G. Tilden, L. Aroga, G. Koczberski, M. Hamago and P. Togonave — Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 2024

Used for: smallholder coffee in the Papua New Guinea highlands after the coffee berry borer arrived: the low-input farming system, a group-run demucilager at Bena and the grades and prices it achieved from 2020 to 2023, certified exports, and an extension package

Limits: A project final report, not a peer-reviewed paper. Read as extracted text: the executive summary, background, the ten principles, and section 7.2 on the demucilager trial with its sales table; other sections by search. The trial is one farmer group at one site. The share of national production it gives for Eastern Highlands Province and the certified share of exports are Coffee Industry Corporation figures, the second a personal communication. Its price chart is an image and was not read.

Last checked October 2026.

Smallholder coffee production in Papua New Guinea: farmer training guide, Unit 3 Module 1, Coffee harvesting and processing (ACIAR Monograph 220) — G. Curry, G. Tilden and L. Aroga (editors) — Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, with the Coffee Industry Corporation and Curtin University, 2025

Used for: what Papua New Guinea's smallholders are trained to do at harvest and after it: the flowering and harvest cycle, picking, pulping, fermenting in bags, washing and drying, the parchment classes and green-bean grades with their defect limits and August 2023 prices

Limits: A training manual: it says what farmers should do, and is evidence of what they do only where it says so. Read as extracted text: sections 1.1 and 1.2 in full, the fermentation and drying passages of 1.4 and 1.5, and appendices 1 and 3. The harvest diagram is an image; the months are taken from the sentence beside it. It credits the parchment classes to PNG Standard 1626:2015, which was not opened. The publication date is recorded as the year only.

Last checked October 2026.

The impacts of production and price shocks on the coffee industry in PNG (Papua New Guinea Project Note 14) — S. Arua, R. Gondo, A. Kinau, A. Kotto, P. Dorosh, E. Schmidt and J. Tian — International Food Policy Research Institute, 2023

Used for: a short history of the institutions of Papua New Guinea's coffee industry, the fall of plantation output, national production since 1961 on FAO data, the steps from cherry to green bean, how little coffee households drink, and modelled effects of a borer outbreak and of price changes

Limits: A research note, not peer reviewed. The introduction, the history, the value-chain section and the first simulations were read in full as extracted text from the CGSpace copy; the price-stabilisation section was not. Its history is drawn from a thesis (Sengere 2016) and the regulator's archived page; its production series is FAO data shown in a chart that was not read, so only the three totals stated in the text are used. Its household consumption figures, from a 2009/10 survey, do not reconcile with the total its own model uses and are not used. The simulations are model results, not observations. The publication date is recorded as the month printed.

Last checked October 2026.

Opportunities and challenges for coffee production in PNG's highlands — R. Mukerjee, H. S. Iha and D. Warambukia — Devpolicy Blog, Development Policy Centre, The Australian National University, 2024

Used for: what 24 focus groups of coffee growers in Simbu and Eastern Highlands provinces told researchers in March and April 2024 about tree age, yields, losses to the coffee berry borer, the last harvest season and the prices paid in it

Limits: A blog article by researchers of the International Food Policy Research Institute and the University of Goroka, read in full. It states that the research has not been peer reviewed. Its findings are what focus groups reported and what the team measured on seven blocks and three trees; they describe the communities sampled, not the country.

Last checked October 2026.

Développement de la caféiculture paysanne et concessions de terres sur le plateau des Bolovens (Sud Laos) : synergie ou antagonisme ? — Bertrand Sallée and Jean-Christian Tulet — Les Cahiers d'Outre-Mer, 249, pages 93 to 120, 2010

Used for: smallholder coffee on the Bolaven Plateau of southern Laos: its history from the 1920s, the colonial farm and cooperative, war and the shift from arabica to robusta, state cooperatives after 1975, liberalisation in 1988-89, areas and tonnages by species in 2007, farm sizes, producer groups and collective wet-processing centres, and the rush of land-concession requests from 2007

Limits: Read in French as the page's own text: every numbered paragraph on coffee, its history and the concessions (paragraphs 1 to 22 and 40 to 47 closely, the rest skimmed), the photograph captions and the bibliography. Its five tables are images and were not read, so no figure by province or by company comes from them. Most of its figures are citations of project reports CoffeeHQ has not opened (Galindo and Sallée 2007, Metz and Sarfati 2008, Diaz Pedregal 2008, Duris and others 2002, Taillard 2005, Battini 1991), and its colonial-period figures are given in the conditional mood. One author worked on the development programme the article describes favourably. The publication date is recorded as the year of the issue (January to March 2010) only.

Last checked October 2026.

Land Acquisition, Investment, and Development in the Lao Coffee Sector: Successes and Failures — Oliver Schönweger and Peter Messerli — Critical Asian Studies, 47(1), pages 94 to 122, 2015

Used for: large coffee concessions in Paksong district on the Bolaven Plateau: how much land was granted and how much planted, the yields companies reached against smallholders', frost losses in 2008 and 2014, labour shortages, and the share of robusta, arabica and Catimor in Lao coffee around 2012

Limits: Read from the copy of the published article held by Open Development Mekong, as extracted text: the section on the Bolaven Plateau and development trends, the findings on area granted and used, weather, Catimor and labour, and the passage on the national strategy; the theory and method sections were skimmed and the tables read only for the rows quoted. Its sector-wide figures are citations (Lao Coffee Board 2012, Lao Coffee Association 2013 and project reports) that CoffeeHQ has not opened. The fieldwork covers twenty companies in ten villages of one district.

Last checked October 2026.

Is Lao Coffee Sector at Its Crossroad? An Analysis of Coffee Market and Coffee Producers — Phanhpakit Onphanhdala — FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, 2022

Used for: a policy article from the National University of Laos: coffee area in 2021, the northern provinces now planting coffee, the cooperative's membership, three tiers of producer and their share of exports, export destinations, and four pressures the author's interviews found, including cassava and a harvest that overlaps the rice harvest

Limits: Read in full as the page's text; its figures and table are images. A short policy article, not a refereed paper, and uneven: it gives Lao production in millions of tons, says 80 per cent of plantations are arabica where two refereed sources say robusta dominated, and dates Catimor's arrival to the late 2010s where an FAO manual of 2005 already recommends it. CoffeeHQ uses it only for what its author observed or collected (the tiers, the pressures, the harvest months, the cooperative's membership) and for one area figure it credits to the Lao Statistics Bureau, and reports the species disagreement instead of resolving it.

Last checked October 2026.

El Salvador: A Country Study — Federal Research Division, Library of Congress (edited by Richard A. Haggerty), 1990

Used for: the nineteenth-century coffee state, the abolition of communal land in 1881 and 1882, the price collapse of 1928 to 1931, the rising of January 1932 and the killings that followed, land tenure in the 1971 census, the agrarian reform of 1980 and its three phases, the nationalisation of coffee marketing and export under Incafe, and coffee production, yields and exports in the 1980s

Limits: Read on a mirror of the Library of Congress text, not on the Library's own site, which refused the request on 2026-10-09; the mirror shows no title page, so the editor and year are given from the series' standard citation and were not seen on the page. Six sections read in full: The Coffee Republic, Economic Crisis and Repression, Agrarian Reform, Agriculture, The Land Tenure System and Coffee; and the sentences on the 1980 decrees and on Incafe in three more (The Reformist Coup of 1979, Role of Government, Public Enterprises). A synthesis written for the United States government during the civil war, from secondary works it names only in part; its account of the 1980s reflects that moment and that vantage. It ends in 1988 and says nothing of the peace or of what became of Incafe. Its estimates of the dead in 1932 are other historians' and are given as a range.

Last checked October 2026.

Weak Foundations: The Economy of El Salvador in the Nineteenth Century, 1821-1898 — Héctor Lindo-Fuentes — University of California Press (UC Press E-Books Collection), 1990

Used for: the privatisation of ejido and communal land in El Salvador: the municipal and national legislation of 1879, the laws of 1881 and 1882 abolishing communal lands and ejidos, the competing estimates of how much land they covered, how titling proceeded in the western provinces, and the historians' interpretations of why it was done

Limits: Opened by the second reader on 2026-10-09 in the publisher's open e-book and read in passages only: the pages on the 1879 legislation, the laws of 1881 and 1882, the estimates of the extent of ejidos and communal lands, and the titling of land in the western provinces from 1882. Not read cover to cover. An economic history that ends in 1898: it says nothing of 1932. Used only for the land laws and for the caution that the share of coffee land that had been common land is not established.

Last checked October 2026.

The coffee sector in El Salvador is the most affected by the coffee rust shock in Central America (Remote Monitoring Report, March 2014) — Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET), 2014

Used for: the Salvadoran Coffee Council's estimate of the 2013/14 harvest, its fall against 2012/13 and 2010/11, the jobs the report says were lost, and food-security conditions in coffee-growing municipalities of El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua

Limits: The web page of the report read in full as extracted text; its PDF and maps were not opened. A food-security monitoring bulletin: its coffee figures are the Council's, quoted in quintals and given as an estimate in the month the harvest was ending, and they do not match the Council's later table to the bag. The page gives two slightly different percentages for the same fall (58 and 59). The companion report of March 2013 was also read; its forecast is not used.

Last checked October 2026.

One country, three colonial legacies: the politics of colonialism, capitalism and development in the pre- and post-colonial Cameroon — G. M. Lekane and L. Asuelime — Southern Journal for Contemporary History, 42(1), 134-153, 2017

Used for: how German, French and British rule shaped cash-crop farming in Cameroon, with coffee in the western highlands as its example, and what the withdrawal of the state after 1989 did to growers

Limits: Open full text (CC BY 4.0) read as extracted text: the passages on coffee under German and French rule, the five-year plans, the crisis of the late 1980s, structural adjustment and devaluation. A political history, not a coffee history: every specific statement about coffee is its citation of another work (Amougou-Awoumou 2008, Eckert 2003, Janin 1999, Amin and others 2002), none of which was opened. The PDF's running head gives volume 41(2) of 2016 where the journal's page gives 42(1) of 2017.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee tree architecture and its interactions with microclimates drive the dynamics of coffee berry disease in coffee trees — N. Motisi, F. Ribeyre and S. Poggi — Scientific Reports, 9, 2544, 2019

Used for: coffee berry disease on arabica grown under banana shade on one smallholder farm in West Cameroon, and how the shape of the tree and the microclimate govern where symptoms appear

Limits: Open full text (CC BY 4.0) read as extracted text: abstract, introduction and the description of the field site. One farm over two years. Its statements about the disease in Africa and about how coffee is grown in Cameroon are its introduction's citations of earlier work, not its own findings. The modelling results were not read closely and are not used.

Last checked October 2026.

Sustainable Arabica Coffee Production under market liberalization in Cameroon: small-scale Arabica coffee farmers in the North West Region — E. E. Elad — Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences (thesis), 2011

Used for: why arabica yields and quality fell in Cameroon's North-West after liberalisation, from interviews with 35 farmers: how the marketing board worked and failed, harvesting, pulping and the shortage of pulping machines

Limits: A student thesis, read by its abstract, its chapter on coffee in Cameroon and the passages on harvesting and processing. Thirty-five farmers in one area, interviewed once; qualitative. Its national background is taken from the national board, a government report of 2009 and an FAO web page, none opened here: the harvest months it gives are that web page's. Its export series is the author's compilation of the International Coffee Organization's historical data and was not checked against it.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee consumption and serum lipids: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials — S. H. Jee, J. He, L. J. Appel, P. K. Whelton, I. Suh and M. J. Klag — American Journal of Epidemiology, 153(4), 353-362, 2001

Used for: a pooled analysis of fourteen trials of coffee drinking and blood lipids, by whether the coffee was filtered

Limits: Read in abstract only, from the PubMed record; the article itself was not opened. CoffeeHQ uses it for one statement, in the abstract's own terms: that the pooled trials found unfiltered coffee, and not filtered coffee, to raise total and LDL cholesterol. The abstract gives no size of effect that CoffeeHQ repeats, covers trials published before December 1998, and says increases were greater in people with raised blood lipids. It is about coffee as drunk, not about cafestol or kahweol as isolated compounds, and it is not advice.

Last checked October 2026.

Venezuela: A Country Study — Richard A. Haggerty (editor) — Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, 1990

Used for: Venezuela's history and economy: coffee replacing cocoa after independence, the coffee boom of the 1830s, coffee prices and the politics of the nineteenth century, oil ending the coffee era from the 1920s, and coffee as a crop in 1988

Limits: Read as the text of the study on a site that republishes it, not the Library's own copy: the sections on the century of caudillismo, the growth and structure of the economy, crops, and the opening of the society chapter, each searched for coffee and read in context. A general handbook, not a study of coffee; it cites no source for individual statements in the text read. It dates the introduction of coffee to Jesuits in the 1740s, where a 1922 trade history gives 1784. Its 1988 figures are given without a named source.

Last checked October 2026.

Assessing the Growth Potential of Eastern Congo's Coffee and Cocoa Sectors — Richard Downie — Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2018

Used for: the decline of the Congolese coffee sector, the donor and company programmes in North and South Kivu since 2011, cooperatives and washing stations, land, credit, taxes and smuggling as obstacles, and the coffee office's role

Limits: The first twelve of its 24 pages of text were read as extracted text: the summary, the overview, recent developments, opportunities and the first part of the obstacles. The second half, on what should be done, was not read. A policy report paid for by an organisation active in the sector it describes, drawing on interviews; its figures are citations of the coffee office, a trade magazine, a newspaper and a donor's dashboard, none opened here. Its statements about taste and its description of robusta as the less delicious coffee are not used.

Last checked October 2026.

Genetic diversity of wild and cultivated Coffea canephora in northeastern DR Congo and the implications for conservation — S. Vanden Abeele and colleagues — American Journal of Botany, December 2021 issue, 2021

Used for: the history of robusta's introduction to cultivation from the Congo, the research stations of the Belgian colonial institute, the state of the Yangambi collection, and the genetic relationship between wild, backyard-grown and collection plants in Tshopo and Ituri

Limits: Open full text: the abstract and introduction were read in full, and the results searched for the passages on backyard plants. The genetic methods and statistics were not read. The history in the introduction is the authors' citation of earlier work, and two statements are their own unpublished observations (herbarium labels; the count of lines in the collection in 2016). The licence does not allow commercial reuse of the text, so nothing is quoted at length.

Last checked October 2026.

Characterization of the genetic composition and establishment of a core collection for the INERA Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) field genebank from the Democratic Republic of Congo — L. Verleysen and colleagues — Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7, 1239442, 2023

Used for: the native range and genetic groups of Coffea canephora, the Lula and Yangambi research stations and the lines they distributed, the decline and rehabilitation of the Yangambi collection, and the genetic screening of 730 of its shrubs

Limits: Open access; the abstract and the introduction were read as extracted text from the PDF. Methods, results and discussion were not read, so the paper's own findings are taken from its abstract only. The history in the introduction is the authors' citation of earlier work, much of it colonial-era.

Last checked October 2026.

Review of Sven Van Melkebeke, Dissimilar Coffee Frontiers: Mobilizing Labor and Land in the Lake Kivu Region, Congo and Rwanda (1918-1960/62) — Jelmer Vos — International Review of Social History, 67(3), 2022

Used for: a historian's account and criticism of the standard monograph on colonial coffee around Lake Kivu: settler plantations in the Belgian Congo, how land and labour were obtained for them, and how workers responded

Limits: A book review in a scholarly journal, read in full. It reports what the monograph says and where the reviewer thinks it falls short; the monograph itself (Brill, 2020) was not opened. Page numbers it gives are the book's.

Last checked October 2026.

COFFEEBRIDGE: an evaluation of the agronomic and socio-economic potential of Robusta coffee genetic resources as a cash crop in the Congo Basin (summary) — Belgian Science Policy Office, BRAIN-be 2.0 programme, 2025

Used for: a research project's conclusions on robusta in Tshopo province: its historical role, the Yangambi collection, agroforestry against monoculture, and what holds growers back

Limits: A two-page summary of a project's final report, read in full; the report itself was not opened, so every conclusion is taken without the evidence behind it. The publication date is the date the PDF was created.

Last checked October 2026.

Estrategia tecnológica para abordar la problemática de la roya del café (Hemileia vastatrix) y mejorar la capacidad productiva de las plantaciones de café de la República Dominicana — Instituto Dominicano de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales (IDIAF), 2013

Used for: the state of Dominican coffee when the rust epidemic was at its height: area, average production 2000 to 2010 and the two harvests after it, the share drunk at home, farm size, yield, the price penalty lifted in 2007, the decree of 2013, and the research the institute proposed, including trials of seven resistant varieties in seven named zones

Limits: In Spanish. The introduction, objectives and sections 4.1 to 4.5 were read in full as extracted text; the logical framework, schedule and budget were not. It is a research proposal seeking funds, so it states the problem and what was planned, not what was found: none of the trials it describes is reported here. Its national figures are citations of the coffee council and others that were not opened; the statement that rust was present in 80 per cent of the coffee area is its citation of a 2013 report of the International Coffee Organization. Hosted on a third party's document server, not the institute's own site.

Last checked October 2026.

Alternativas tecnológicas para la renovación de cafetales en República Dominicana (master's thesis) — E. J. Mejía Pujols — Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba, 2021

Used for: a survey of about 400 smallholder coffee plantations in the Dominican Republic in 2018: size, age and planting density, yield, the share of growers and of area with rust-resistant varieties by region, and whether growers wish to replant

Limits: In Spanish, 126 pages. Read: the general abstract, the introduction, the abstract of the first article and its section on susceptible and resistant varieties; the articles on the decision to renovate and on its finances were not read. A master's thesis by a member of the coffee institute's staff, using a database built by the coffee council's technicians: 386 of the 400 records were usable, and the sample is of small producers the council assists, not of all growers. It dates the arrival of rust to 2012, which other documents read here contradict (they record it in the late 1980s and a severe return from 2009 to 2010). Its bar chart of growers by region was read from its printed labels.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee: The World's Favourite Cuppa' Caffeine (Views 18/19) — Siti Aiysyah Tumin and Ahmad Ashraf Ahmad Shaharudin — Khazanah Research Institute, 2019

Used for: Malaysia's coffee production and area by state in 2018, its decline from 2010, household spending on coffee, the kopitiam, and Malaysia's imports of green coffee and exports of coffee extracts by value

Limits: Read in full as text extracted from the institute's PDF (18 pages). A short public explainer in a series the institute says is not an in-depth market study; its authors' views, not the institute's. Every chart is an image and only the figures stated in the text are used. Its production figures are the Department of Agriculture's and the FAO's, neither opened through it; its trade figures are the authors' calculations from FAO trade data, by value. Several of its general statements cite Wikipedia or lifestyle journalism and are not used; the account of the kopitiam cites two academic works that were not opened.

Last checked October 2026.

Exploring the Potentials of Coffee Industry in Malaysia — Mohd Amirul Mukmin Abdul Wahab and Nor Amna A'liah Mohammad Nor — Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, published on the FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform, 2016

Used for: the species Malaysia grows, its planted area and production from 2007 to 2013, the research institute's Liberica and Robusta clones and their release years, where imported beans come from, prices by species, and the obstacles growers and processors face

Limits: Read in full as page text. A policy article by two economists of the government research institute, not a refereed paper, written to argue for expanding the crop. Its two tables are images and were not read; the figures used are those in its prose. Its production tonnages match the official series in the FAO's file for 2007 and 2013. It gives yields of several tonnes a hectare, and clone yields of 24 to 26 tonnes a hectare 'of coffee beans', which cannot be green coffee; it does not say what the tonnages measure. Its remarks on how the species taste are not used.

Last checked October 2026.

Exploring the drivers of coffee production in Malaysia: a short- and long-term analysis — Anizah Md Ali — Journal of Economics and Sustainability, 8(1), 38–57 (Universiti Utara Malaysia), 2026

Used for: which species are grown in which Malaysian states as the Department of Agriculture described it in 2020, and the government's replanting projects

Limits: Introduction read in full as text extracted from the journal's PDF; the econometric sections were not read and no result of the model is used. A university journal's article whose background cites newspapers for its history, so its dates for the introduction of arabica and Liberica are not used. It gives 6,804.67 tonnes for 2023 where the FAO's official figure is 3,910.09, without explaining the difference; neither of its production figures is used. Used for one statement only, which it credits to the Department of Agriculture: which species is grown in which states.

Last checked October 2026.

Riz ou café, ou riz et café: contribution à l'analyse de situation de la côte Est de Madagascar (rapport de mission ODASE, 1er au 20 mai 1987) — François Ruf — Institut de recherches du café et du cacao (IRCC), CIRAD, Montpellier, 1987

Used for: Smallholder coffee and rice on Madagascar's east coast in 1987: how Malagasy growers took up coffee under colonial rule, the country's place among French colonies' coffee exporters, quantities marketed from 1976 to 1986, producer prices and what the state took through the stabilisation fund

Limits: A scanned typescript in French, read as machine-recognised text of poor quality: section 1.1 on the history and supply of coffee, and the passages on producer prices, the stabilisation fund and the timing of credit, were read in context; the rest was searched, not read through. Several digits are illegible in the scan, so only figures that read unambiguously are used. Its history is the author's summary of the historian Jean Fremigacci's work and of a 1955 source, neither of which was opened; its production series is credited to J. Rakotoarisoa (1985) and is a chart. A consultant's mission report written for a development agency, later reworked into a published book of which only the preface was read. At the second reading (2026-10-09) the pages carrying sections 1.11 and 1.12 and the annex table of prices and exports for 1960 to 1985, which credits J. C. Berthelemy (1985), were rendered and read as images: the settlers' reaction is dated 1920-30, the marketed averages are 62,780 tonnes for 1976-80 and 57,930 for 1981-85, and the production level attributed to some sources for 1980-82 is 80,000 tonnes.

Last checked October 2026.

Climate risk analysis for adaptation planning in Madagascar's agricultural sector — C. Cronauer, C. S. Weituschat, A. Hampf, S. Undorf, S. Gleixner, J. Waid and L. Murken — Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 2024

Used for: Where coffee is grown in Madagascar and at what altitude, the area under coffee since 1990, modelled climate suitability for arabica and robusta to mid-century, and what surveyed coffee-growing households reported

Limits: The English report was downloaded and section 3.1 on coffee read in full, with the summary and conclusion; the rest was searched for coffee. Its description of where coffee grows and its 95 per cent figure for robusta are citations of a 2004 Malagasy agriculture-ministry document that was not opened; its area and yield figures are citations of FAOSTAT, in whose file Madagascar's coffee area is flagged as official to 2008 and as imputed from 2010, and the yield as estimated from 2009. The suitability results are model output, two of them from papers described as in preparation. Its maps are images and were not read.

Last checked October 2026.

The origins and development of coffee production in Réunion and Madagascar, 1711–1972 — Gwyn Campbell — In W. G. Clarence-Smith and S. Topik (eds), The Global Coffee Economy in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, 1500–1989, Cambridge University Press, 2003

Used for: The chapter's own summary of how coffee reached Madagascar from Réunion, became the leading export by the 1930s, and was reshaped by the 1947 uprising and the 1972 revolution

Limits: Only the summary paragraph shown on the publisher's page was read; the chapter is behind a paywall and was not opened. Everything CoffeeHQ takes from it is that paragraph's wording, attributed as the author's summary, and none of the evidence behind it was seen.

Last checked October 2026.

High extinction risk for wild coffee species and implications for coffee sector sustainability — A. P. Davis, H. Chadburn, J. Moat, R. O'Sullivan, S. Hargreaves and E. Nic Lughadha — Science Advances, 5(1), eaav3473, 2019

Used for: Extinction-risk assessments for all 124 coffee species then known, how many are threatened worldwide and in Madagascar, how many are held in collections or protected areas, and the priority groups of crop wild relatives

Limits: Open full text read as extracted text: introduction, results, the discussion paragraphs on Madagascar and the methods passages on collections. The supplementary tables, which hold the country-by-country counts, were not opened; Madagascar's 43 threatened species and 72 per cent are from the main text. Assessments are of 2019 and predate six species described in 2021.

Last checked October 2026.

Six new species of coffee (Coffea) from northern Madagascar — A. P. Davis and F. Rakotonasolo — Kew Bulletin, 76, 497–511, 2021

Used for: The number of Coffea species known from Madagascar and worldwide before and after six species from the north of the island were described, and where those six grow

Limits: Downloaded from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew's research repository and read as extracted text: summary, introduction and the paragraph giving the new totals. The species descriptions and conservation assessments were not read. The publisher's page did not open to a script.

Last checked October 2026.

L'intercompatibilité des clones de caféiers cultivés sur la côte Est malgache — A. Charrier, with M. Vigreux — Café Cacao Thé (IFCC–ORSTOM joint operation); digitised by the Institut de recherche pour le développement, 1972

Used for: What the cultivated coffee of Madagascar's east coast was in the early 1970s: Coffea canephora and Congusta hybrids, distributed as selected clones, and why plantings had to mix compatible clones

Limits: The introduction and the multilingual summaries were read as machine-recognised text of a scan; the crossing tables and results were not. The year is the repository's catalogue date. A paper on plant breeding, not a survey: it says what the research institute distributed, not what growers had in their fields.

Last checked October 2026.

Étude biogéographique de Coffea buxifolia Chev. (Madagascar) — F. Friedmann — Café Cacao Thé; ORSTOM botany laboratory, Antananarivo; digitised by the Institut de recherche pour le développement, 1970

Used for: One endemic Madagascan coffee species, and the older classification that set the island's wild coffees apart as a section characterised by seeds without caffeine

Limits: Only the introduction was read, as machine-recognised text of a scan. The statement about caffeine is the author's report of Auguste Chevalier's classification, a grouping later botanists have revised; it is used as a dated statement of how the island's wild coffees were characterised, not as a measurement. The year is the repository's catalogue date.

Last checked October 2026.

Genotyping-by-sequencing provides the first well-resolved phylogeny for coffee (Coffea) and insights into the evolution of caffeine content in its species — P. Hamon, C. E. Grover, A. P. Davis, J.-J. Rakotomalala and thirteen others — Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 109, 351–361, 2017

Used for: A phylogeny of the coffee genus and what it implies for how caffeine content evolved, including in the species of Madagascar

Limits: Abstract only, read in full from the PubMed record (PMID 28212875) at the second reading of the Madagascar entry; the paper is not open and the repositories that hold copies refused a script. Used for two statements of the abstract: that high and consistent caffeine is found only in species of West and Central Africa, and that moderate caffeine production evolved at least once more in a Madagascan lineage. No species is named in the abstract and no measurement was read. The publication date is the first of the month of the printed volume.

Last checked October 2026.

Madagascar 1947: mythes persistants et non-dits d'une insurrection — Jean Fremigacci — Tsingy. Sciences humaines Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien, 23; Presses Universitaires Indianocéaniques, 2025

Used for: A historian's account of who began the Malagasy uprising of 1947 and of the legends around it, with the dates on which forced labour and the separate legal regime for colonial subjects were abolished

Limits: Open article in French (doi 10.61736/tsingy.474), downloaded as a PDF at the second reading of the Madagascar entry: the abstract and the first section, on the origins of the uprising, were read in full and the rest was searched. The word coffee does not occur in it. It is an article about myths surrounding 1947, not an economic history, so its silence on coffee is not a refutation of a coffee-based explanation; it is used to show that one specialist's account of the origins does not rest on one, and for the dates of the reforms of December 1945 to April 1946. Whether the journal is peer reviewed was not checked.

Last checked October 2026.

Lost and Found: Coffea stenophylla and C. affinis, the Forgotten Coffee Crop Species of West Africa — A. P. Davis, R. Gargiulo, M. F. Fay, D. Sarmu and J. Haggar — Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 616, 2020

Used for: the history of stenophylla and affinis coffee as crops in Sierra Leone and Guinea, the herbarium record, the field searches in Sierra Leone from 2014 to 2020 and the rediscovery of both species in the wild there

Limits: Read in full as the open-access text from PubMed Central (the introduction, methods, results and discussion; the sequence tables were skimmed). The history is the authors' review of older literature whose citations did not survive text extraction, so a historical statement is attributed here to this paper's review and not to the original author. The export figure of three to five tons a year for Sierra Leone and Guinea together is undated in the passage. The field survey covered named sites in Sierra Leone only; the paper says the present state of both species in Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire is poorly known.

Last checked October 2026.

Arabica-like flavour in a heat-tolerant wild coffee species (author accepted manuscript) — A. P. Davis, D. Mieulet, J. Moat, D. Sarmu and J. Haggar — Nature Plants, 7, 413-418; accepted manuscript held by the University of Greenwich repository, 2021

Used for: a blind sensory evaluation of two stenophylla samples against arabica and robusta controls, and the temperature and rainfall of the places where the species grows

Limits: The authors' accepted manuscript, downloaded as a PDF from the University of Greenwich repository and read in full (main text and methods). It is the peer-reviewed text before the publisher's typesetting; the published version and the supplementary tables were not read, so the scores behind the figures were not seen. The Sierra Leone sample was ten grams of crudely processed seed from wild plants, tasted by one panel of three judges, and the paper says so. The fifteen-judge result is for the sample of Ivorian origin grown on Réunion. One research group; no yield or agronomic trial.

Last checked October 2026.

Genetic diversity of coffee germplasm in Sierra Leone: implications for conservation and breeding programs — P. M. Lahai, M. A. Bah, M. T. Lahai, P. O. Aikpokpodion and R. A. B. Johnson — Beverage Plant Research, 3, 26, 2023

Used for: an overview of coffee growing in Sierra Leone (history, districts, climate, farm work, harvest and drying), the species and introduced varieties held by the national research institute, and prospects for breeding stenophylla

Limits: Downloaded as the journal's PDF and read as extracted text: the introduction, the overview of production, the germplasm section and the opening of the breeding section; the remaining pages on breeding methods were not read. A review by the Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute and colleagues. Its figure of 20,000 tons a year between 1960 and 1980 is far above the International Coffee Organization's averages for the same decades, and the two are recorded together. Its opening statement of the world split between arabica and robusta is not the usual one and is not used. It calls stenophylla critically endangered; the Red List category given by the other papers read is Vulnerable.

Last checked October 2026.

Unveiling the Genetic Diversity and Demographic History of Coffea stenophylla in Sierra Leone Using Genotyping-By-Sequencing — P. M. Lahai, P. O. Aikpokpodion, A. M. Bah, M. T. Lahai, L. W. Meinhardt, S. Lim, E. Ahn, D. Zhang and S. Park — Plants, 14(1), 50, 2024

Used for: the genetic diversity and population history of wild stenophylla in three Sierra Leonean populations and in the national field collection, with an introduction on the country's coffee production

Limits: Read as the open-access text from PubMed Central: the introduction and the discussion in full, the methods and results in passages. The production figures in its introduction (about 20,000 tons a year from the 1960s to the 1980s, 2,580 tons in 2022) are cited to a reference that did not survive extraction, so their original source is not known. The forest-loss figure is cited to a third party. The bottleneck dating assumes a five-year generation time.

Last checked October 2026.

Les caféiers Robusta endémiques de Guinée : une ressource rare et menacée — J.-P. Labouisse, Mohamed Diabaté, Moussa Diabaté, H. de Foresta, F. Koné, O. O. Haba, R. Rivallan and T. Leroy — Chapter 30 of Biodiversité des écosystèmes intertropicaux, IRD Éditions (CIRAD, IRAG and IRD authors), 2021

Used for: the search for Guinea's native canephora coffee in forests, old plantations and the Sérédou collection between 2017 and 2019, the genotyping of what was found, and the history of the Congolese robusta that replaced it

Limits: Downloaded from the IRD's document server and read in full in French, as extracted text; the two figures are images and their data were read from the text and captions only. The book's own title page, copyright line and required citation give 2021 (Profizi and others, editors, IRD Éditions, Marseille, 2021); the file was placed on the document server in May 2022, which is why this record's identifier says 2022. A second reading on 2026-10-09 set the publication date to the publisher's year; the day is not known. Twenty-one microsatellite markers, 115 samples analysed. Its statements about the 1930s introductions, the 1958 disease and the share of Gamé planted in the 1950s are its citations of older work (Portères 1962, Fassi 1970) that was not opened. It gives no production figure and says nothing about processing or the cup.

Last checked October 2026.

Current genetic differentiation of Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehn in the Guineo-Congolian African zone: cumulative impact of ancient climatic changes and recent human activities — C. Gomez, S. Dussert, P. Hamon, S. Hamon, A. de Kochko and V. Poncet — BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9, 167, 2009

Used for: the genetic groups of wild and cultivated canephora coffee across West and Central Africa, how they relate to forest refuges either side of the Dahomey Gap, and where named local cultivars came from

Limits: Read as the open-access text from PubMed Central: the background, the two accession tables with their footnotes, the discussion and the methods; the statistical results were skimmed. The wild plants were collected between 1975 and 1987 and are held in one collection in Côte d'Ivoire. The samples from Guinea are few. Its statements about when material was moved between colonies are footnotes citing older work that was not opened.

Last checked October 2026.

Les caféiers de la Nana : résultats des observations faites en collection en Côte d'Ivoire — J. Berthaud, F. Anthony and D. Le Pierrès — ORSTOM and IRCC; text held by the IRD document server, 1984

Used for: the wild coffee population of the Nana river in the Central African Republic, how it was found and brought into cultivation, and how plants collected from it behaved in a collection in Côte d'Ivoire

Limits: A scanned article read through its text layer: the introduction, the description of the collecting site and the conclusion; the measurements were not read. The file's metadata dates it 1984 and does not name the journal. The discovery in 1926 and the 1,500 hectares once planted are its citations of earlier authors (Dublin 1957) who were not opened.

Last checked October 2026.

Les projets de développement de la caféiculture au Togo, au Vietnam et en Nouvelle-Calédonie — Jacques Deuss — ORSTOM; text held by the IRD document server, 1987

Used for: Togo's coffee renovation project from 1971 to the mid-1980s: production before it, the old niaouli plantings of the Plateaux region, the state company that ran it, its financing and its results

Limits: A scanned conference text read through its text layer; the section on Togo was read in full, and its table of project targets did not extract legibly and is not used. The file's metadata dates it 1987. A project agronomist's account, nearly forty years old: it describes a renovation programme and says nothing about Togo's coffee today.

Last checked October 2026.

Seeds4Liberia: IITA boosts coffee revival in Liberia with massive seedling distribution — International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA-CGIAR), 2025

Used for: a seedling distribution to Liberian coffee farmers in four counties, the collection of seed of three species from five counties, and the national bodies involved

Limits: A news item on the institute's own site, read in full. The date is the one the page displays. It is the institute's account of its own project and gives one number, the seedlings distributed; it does not say which species the seedlings were, how many farmers received them or how much coffee Liberia produces. The speeches it quotes are not used.

Last checked October 2026.

Ghana (country page) — World Coffee Research

Used for: a short description of robusta coffee in Ghana, the cocoa board's part in it, and the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana's membership of a robusta breeding network

Limits: One undated web page, read in full: four short paragraphs and a description of the research institute. It gives one number, about 8,000 producer families, with no year and no source, and names no growing region. Written by an organisation describing its own partner.

Last checked October 2026.

About CRIN, and Mambilla station — Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria

Used for: the institute's founding, the laws that gave it a research mandate for coffee, and the crops its Mambilla substation in Taraba State is responsible for

Limits: Two short pages of the institute's own website (the second is at crin.gov.ng/?p=1315), read in full. They state the mandate and that the Mambilla station caters for arabica coffee and tea, and nothing else about coffee: no area, no production, no varieties and no growing states. The institute's annual reports and its coffee papers were not opened.

Last checked October 2026.

Integrated pest management of coffee berry borer in Hawaii and Puerto Rico: current status and prospects — L. F. Aristizábal, M. Johnson, S. Shriner and others — Insects, 8(4), 123, 2017

Used for: where coffee is grown in Hawaii and Puerto Rico and on how much land, when the coffee berry borer reached each, surveys of the pest on farms in Kona and Kaʻū in 2016 and 2017 with the farms' size, varieties and harvest months, picking efficiency, pruning systems and the fungus sprayed against the beetle

Limits: Open access; the introduction, the description of the surveyed farms and the sections on harvesting, pruning and the fungus were read in the PubMed Central full text, the rest by searching. Its areas and farm counts are citations of other documents. The farms described are the 14 and 17 the surveys covered, all in Kona or Kaʻū, not a sample of the state. It gives two slightly different sets of harvest months for the same two districts. Its figure for hurricane damage in Puerto Rico is a preliminary estimate it cites from a news source, written weeks after the storm.

Last checked October 2026.

Establishing an integrated pest management program for coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) in Hawaii and Puerto Rico coffee agroecosystems: achievements and challenges — L. F. Aristizábal, M. A. Johnson, Y. A. Mariño and others — Insects, 14(7), 603, 2023

Used for: a review of a decade of work on the coffee berry borer in the two island regions: the area under coffee in each, the fall in the value of Puerto Rico's crop after the 2017 hurricanes, labour costs under United States law, how few growers monitor or spray, and the varieties and elevations of the two landscapes

Limits: Open access; the abstract, the introduction and the caption describing the two landscapes were read in the PubMed Central full text, and the rest was searched for the passages relied on, not read through. Its areas and values are citations of the statistics service and of Puerto Rican sources CoffeeHQ did not open.

Last checked October 2026.

Response of coffee farms to Hurricane Maria: resistance and resilience from an extreme climatic event — I. Perfecto, Z. Hajian-Forooshani, A. Iverson and others — Scientific Reports, 9, 15668, 2019

Used for: the damage Hurricane Maria did to 28 coffee farms in Puerto Rico that the authors had surveyed in 2013: canopy cover before and after, what ten farmers reported losing, the harvest they expected in 2018 against the years 2010 to 2012, and pests and vines a year on

Limits: Open access; the introduction and results were read in the PubMed Central full text, the discussion by searching. Twenty-eight farms for canopy and ten for interviews and pests: the authors themselves call their conclusions tentative. The farmers' figures are what they reported and expected, not measured harvests. It is not an estimate of the island's loss.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) from the recent invasion into Hawaii shares a genotypic relationship with Latin American populations — L. A. Ramírez-Camejo, L. M. Keith, T. Matsumoto and others — Journal of Fungi, 8(2), 189, 2022

Used for: the arrival of coffee leaf rust in Hawaii in 2020 and its spread to every coffee-growing island by July 2021, a genetic comparison of the Hawaiian rust with samples from other countries, the three ways it could have arrived, and a short account of how coffee came to Hawaii and of the varieties grown there

Limits: Open access; the introduction and discussion were read in the PubMed Central full text, the methods and genetic results were not. The authors say their data are consistent with an introduction on plant material or on travellers from Central America or the Caribbean, and that they cannot exclude regions they did not sample: that is a hypothesis, not a finding of how the rust arrived. Its history of coffee in Hawaii and its list of varieties are citations, the varieties from the state department's website.

Last checked October 2026.

Dynamics of coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Puerto Rico: associations with season, cultivar, altitude, and hyperparasites — Y. A. Mariño, D. P. Buitrago, L. M. Serrato-Díaz and others — Frontiers in Plant Science, 17, 1768440, 2026

Used for: three years of monitoring leaf rust at fifteen sites in five Puerto Rican municipalities, on five susceptible and three resistant arabica cultivars, with the months in which the disease was lowest and highest and the date the rust was first found on the island

Limits: Open access; the introduction, the description of the sites and the first results paragraph were read in the PubMed Central full text, the statistical methods and the rest of the results were not. Fifteen sites chosen to span a range, not a sample of the island's farms: the cultivars named are those the study sampled, not a census of what is planted.

Last checked October 2026.

Indian labour immigration and British labour policy in nineteenth-century Ceylon — Roland Wenzlhuemer — Modern Asian Studies, 41(3), 575–602, 2007

Used for: how Ceylon became a plantation export economy under coffee from the 1820s to the 1880s, with tables of coffee exports, prices and acreage from 1834 to 1886 and of tea from 1880 to 1890; why planters turned to labourers from South India; the kangany recruiting system, coast advances and debt; the Master and Servant laws; and the collapse of coffee and the move to tea

Limits: Read as the author's deposited copy of the published article from the Humboldt University repository: the abstract, the opening sections, the passages on Indian migration, contracts, the kangany system, coast advances and the labour laws, and the section on the collapse of coffee and the rise of tea, with all three tables. The later sections on medical ordinances and the labour commission were not read. The two coffee tables are adapted from a 1966 work the author calls important but out of date, built on official figures he describes as incomplete and at times only half accurate; the 'yield' column is exports divided by all land planted, as he notes. The deaths on the journey are contemporaries' estimates he cites from another historian. His subject is labour policy, not the disease: he gives the rust two sentences.

Last checked October 2026.

Epidemics and the future of coffee production — K. Rhiney, Z. Guido, C. Knudson and others — Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(27), e2023212118, 2021

Used for: past epidemics of coffee leaf rust in three waves, beginning with Ceylon in the 1870s, and what they suggest about the coffee sector's exposure to economic shocks

Limits: Read on the PubMed Central page: the introduction and the section on past epidemics, by searching for every mention of Ceylon and reading the paragraphs around each. The rest of the article, on the 2020 pandemic, was not read. Its statements about Ceylon are two paragraphs that cite historians CoffeeHQ could not open (McCook 2006; McCook and Vandermeer 2015); the figure that nine farms in ten had been abandoned by the 1890s is theirs, not a measurement made for this paper.

Last checked October 2026.

Evaluación del estado fitosanitario del cultivo del café en el municipio de Caranavi — Marin Ruiz Daza (tutor: Susana Rengel Rojas) — Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Central, Sucre, 2020

Used for: a plant-health survey of 186 coffee holdings in Caranavi in July 2015, with a background chapter that reproduces the 2012 coffee census by department and municipality, yields, the age of plantings by variety, how coffee is collected and sold, harvest months and export destinations

Limits: A postgraduate specialisation paper by an officer of the national plant-health service, not a peer-reviewed study; the publication date is recorded as 1 January because the title page gives only the year. Chapters I and II and the conclusions were read in full as extracted text; the survey results in chapter III were read only for the altitude strata and the list of places. Its national figures are second-hand: it reproduces tables it credits to the 2012 coffee census of the Ministry of Rural Development and Lands with the growers' federation, and to the federation itself, and CoffeeHQ did not open those. The census tables do not add up exactly (hectares and tonnes are each one more than the printed totals) and the text before one table gives a different area and production from the table. Several charts are images whose values came through as unlabelled numbers and were not used. Municipality names in one table are cut short in the extracted text.

Last checked October 2026.

Trampas artesanales con atrayentes alcohólicos en el control de la broca del café, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari 1867) en la Colonia Bolinda, Caranavi — Rosalía Quispe-Condori, Manuel Loza-Murguia, Félix Marza-Mamani, Rolando Gutiérrez, Cristóbal Riquelme, Fernando Aliaga, Celia Fernández — Journal of the Selva Andina Biosphere 3(1): 2-14, 2015

Used for: a trial of home-made traps for the coffee berry borer on 1.5 hectares in Caranavi, with an introduction giving national area, production, yield and departmental shares credited to the national statistics institute for 2008

Limits: The abstract, introduction and site description were read in full; the trap results were read only in the abstract. Primary for its own trial at one site. Its national figures are quoted from the statistics institute (2008) and the growers' federation (2010), neither of which CoffeeHQ opened, and it does not say whether the production figure is cherry, parchment or green coffee. The online date is recorded as 1 May 2015 because the article gives only the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Diversity of Trichoderma in the unexplored Bolivian Amazon region and their potential for coffee diseases control — Marisel M. Mamani, Lilia Catacora, Nélida Nina, Wendy D. Tola, Feng M. Cai, Jesper Rydén, Irina S. Druzhinina, Dan Funck Jensen, Carla F. Crespo, Magnus Karlsson, Mukesh Dubey — FEMS Microbiology Letters, fnaf142 (PMC12776340), 2025

Used for: soil fungi collected from coffee fields, fallow land and forest at three altitude zones in Taipiplaya, Caranavi, with an introduction on where Bolivian coffee is grown, how, and which fungal diseases affect it

Limits: Read through Europe PMC's full-text XML: the abstract, introduction, sampling description and the first results table. The taxonomy, which is most of the paper, was not read. Its statements about Bolivian coffee are an introduction's summary with one citation, not findings: mainly Caranavi, mainly organic smallholders, a list of diseases. The altitude range in its introduction is missing from the extracted text; the three sampling zones are given in a table. Published online on 22 December 2025 in the 2026 volume.

Last checked October 2026.

Socioeconomic and biophysical factors affect tree diversity in farms producing specialty coffee in Caranavi, Bolivia (preprint, version 1) — Gabriel G. Torrico, Nayra Antezana Alvarado, Luis F. Pacheco and two more — Research Square; the journal version is in Agroforestry Systems (published 4 November 2023), 2023

Used for: shade trees on 24 coffee farms selling into the specialty market in three villages of Caranavi, sampled January to March 2021, with the farms' size, certification and altitude and a survey of 50 farmers

Limits: The preprint was read, not the peer-reviewed article: the page says the work was later published in Agroforestry Systems after a major revision, so figures may differ in the journal version, which CoffeeHQ did not open. Read: abstract, introduction, methods and the first results table; the page's extracted text stops there, so the management and survey results were read only as the abstract summarises them. Twenty-four farms chosen because they produce specialty coffee: not a sample of Bolivian or of Caranavi coffee farms. The posting date is recorded as 1 July 2023; the page shows only that it was first submitted on 3 July.

Last checked October 2026.

An overview on possible management strategies for coffee white stem borer Xylotrechus quadripes Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Nepal — Meena Pandey, Preeti Kayastha, Saugat Khanal, Suraj Shrestha, Gaurav Thakur, Khusbu Adhikari, Kabita Kumari Shah, Divya Pant, Dipak Khanal — Heliyon 8(9): e10445 (PMC9478357), 2022

Used for: a review of the coffee white stem borer in Nepal: when it was first reported, the damage it does, why arabica is its host, and the cultural, mechanical and botanical controls open to growers who do not use synthetic pesticides; with a section on Nepal's coffee area, production, districts and farmer numbers

Limits: Read through Europe PMC's full-text XML from the abstract to the section on botanical pesticides; the later sections on biological control and the conclusion were not read. A review by university authors, much of it resting on Indian studies, on Nepali news sites and on one master's thesis. Its Nepali production figures are credited to the board for 2020 and differ from the board's current table for the same year. It repeats a claim that Nepali coffee is 'rated in 7th position in the world based on its taste' and a remark about low caffeine; CoffeeHQ uses neither. Its loss figures (up to 70 per cent, 60 per cent) come from a research centre report of 2007 and a news article and are given as those.

Last checked October 2026.

Suitability Analysis and Projected Climate Change Impact on Banana and Coffee Production Zones in Nepal — Sailesh Ranjitkar, Nani M. Sujakhu, Juerg Merz, Roeland Kindt, Jianchu Xu, Mir A. Matin, Mostafa Ali, Robert J. Zomer — PLoS ONE 11(9): e0163916 (PMC5045210), 2016

Used for: an ensemble species-distribution model of where coffee and banana are climatically suitable in Nepal now and by 2050 under four emission pathways, with a short history of coffee in Nepal

Limits: Read through Europe PMC's full-text XML: every paragraph that mentions coffee, and the table of suitable area by scenario. The modelling method was not checked. A model of climatic suitability, not a forecast of production: the authors say it cannot predict pests, soils or management, and it holds land cover constant. Its altitude bands are model outputs. Its history paragraph (introduction in 1938, first commercial plantation in 1981, 41 of 75 districts) rests on a 2012 ministry plan and a 2014 database that CoffeeHQ could not open.

Last checked October 2026.

Molecular Identification and Antioxidant Activity Determination among Coffee Varieties Cultivated in Nepal — Shreejan Pokharel, Gyanu Raj Pandey, Asmita Shrestha, Rajkumar Shrestha, Dinesh Tiwari, Bignya Chandra Khanal, Sudip Silwal — The Scientific World Journal 2023: 7744647 (PMC10643033), 2023

Used for: DNA identification of nine coffee samples held by the Nepal Agricultural Research Council, all found to be Coffea arabica, with the names and origins of the samples and an introduction on coffee in Nepal

Limits: Read through Europe PMC's full-text XML: abstract, introduction, sample table and the identification result; the antioxidant chemistry was not read. Nine samples from a research collection: evidence of what the collection holds and of their species, not of what farmers plant or in what share. The sequence used separates species, not varieties, so the variety names are the collection's labels. Its figures for farmers and area are quoted from earlier sources without a year.

Last checked October 2026.

Diversity of Useful Plants in Cabo Verde Islands: A Biogeographic and Conservation Perspective — Maria Cristina Duarte, Isildo Gomes, Silvia Catarino, Miguel Brilhante, Samuel Gomes, Aline Rendall, Ângela Moreno, Arlindo Rodrigues Fortes, Vladmir Silves Ferreira, Isaurinda Baptista, Herculano Dinis, Maria Manuel Romeiras — Plants (Basel) 11(10): 1313 (PMC9144021), 2022

Used for: an inventory of 518 useful plant taxa in the Cabo Verde islands with their uses and history of introduction; coffee appears in its account of an eighteenth-century inventory, in its paragraph on export crops and as a row of its table of introduced species

Limits: Read through Europe PMC's full-text XML: the four passages that mention coffee and the table's legend. A botanical inventory, not a study of coffee: it gives no area, production, variety or processing. Its sentence on where coffee is grown today is ambiguous about what '1778' refers to (the islands of Fogo and São Nicolau together, or São Nicolau alone) and rests on a reference CoffeeHQ did not open. It writes 'Coffea spp.' for the crop grown today and Coffea arabica for the eighteenth-century record and the table.

Last checked October 2026.

Cabo Verde e o silêncio em torno da cultura cafeeira durante as primeiras décadas do séc. XIX — A. d. C. Souza — Revista Escripturas 5(1), Universidade de Pernambuco, campus Petrolina, 2021

Used for: a history article on why coffee, recommended to Cabo Verde by the Portuguese government in 1803, goes unmentioned in the governors' correspondence until a Lisbon merchants' petition of 1826

Limits: ABSTRACT ONLY, in Portuguese and English, on an index of Brazilian journals; the article itself was not opened. CoffeeHQ uses it for the two dates the abstract states and nothing else. The publication date is the year only.

Last checked October 2026.

Sensory Perception and Physicochemical Characteristics of Geisha Coffee From Different Production Zones in Panama — Ledezma, Sartori and Tomasino — Food Science & Nutrition 13 (Wiley); Oregon State University, 2025

Used for: A consumer-panel sensory study and laboratory measurements of 24 washed Geisha coffees from Boquete, Potrerillos Arriba, Renacimiento and Tierras Altas, with the elevation range of the farms sampled

Limits: Read as the full-text XML from Europe PMC (PMC12645158): introduction, methods, results, discussion and conclusion; figures and supplementary tables not seen. One harvest, one roast profile, one brewing method, an untrained consumer panel, and 24 samples of which two came from one zone that was dropped from the comparison. The authors say further harvests are needed. Its statements about the 2004 competition and an auction price are quoted from the growers' association and a farm, not established by the study.

Last checked October 2026.

Physicochemical Parameters and Multivariate Analysis to Predict the Sensory Quality in Specialty Coffee from Panama — Vega, Reyes and Troestch — ACS Omega 10 (American Chemical Society), 2025

Used for: Ninety-six arabica samples from the Best of Panama tasting events of 2018 and 2019, from Boquete, Renacimiento and Tierras Altas, 55 washed and 41 natural, scored by a panel and measured in the laboratory

Limits: Read as the full-text XML from Europe PMC (PMC11983216): abstract, introduction and methods closely, results skimmed. Used only for where the competition's samples came from, the two processing methods among them and their numbers. Competition entries are not a sample of the national crop.

Last checked October 2026.

Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Caffeine as Chemical Markers for Differentiating Panamanian Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora — Monrroy, Arauz and García — Molecules 31 (MDPI); Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, 2026

Used for: Twenty-one Panamanian coffee samples of the 2025 harvest, 13 arabica and 8 canephora, with their varieties, processing methods, sampling districts and the elevations they were grown at

Limits: Read as the full-text XML from Europe PMC (PMC13164705): introduction, the sample table and the materials section; the chemistry was not used. The elevations are those of the samples, not of the country's coffee. The paper does not say which samples came from which district. Its introduction gives Panama's annual production as about 200,000 metric tons, which is many times any official figure and is not used.

Last checked October 2026.

Impacto de la movilidad entre Panamá y Costa Rica en la cultura y forma de vida de los ngäbe — Anna Peñuelas Peñarroya — Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos 49 (Universidad de Costa Rica), 2023

Used for: The yearly movement of Ngäbe families from the Ngäbe-Buglé comarca in Panama to coffee farms in Costa Rica, from six months of fieldwork in one community of origin and on one farm in Coto Brus

Limits: Read as extracted text: the introduction and the section on mobility in full, the ethnographic sections skimmed. The record's date is the date of acceptance. An ethnography of one community and one farm, with 30 interviews; it is about work in Costa Rica and says little about harvest work on Panamanian farms beyond comparing pay and treatment in general terms.

Last checked October 2026.

Population and Labor in the British Caribbean in the Early Nineteenth Century — B. W. Higman — In Engerman and Gallman (eds.), Long-Term Factors in American Economic Growth, University of Chicago Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research, pp. 605-640, 1986

Used for: The estimated distribution of enslaved people by crop in the British Caribbean colonies in 1810, 1820 and 1830, including the share on coffee properties in Jamaica, and the mean number of enslaved people per holding by crop

Limits: Read: the section on economic structure with Table 11.2 and the section on ownership with Table 11.3, as extracted text from a scan; the demographic sections were not read. The percentages are the author's estimates, credited to his 1984 book, which was not opened. Only the year of publication is known; the record's date is a placeholder for 1986. The chapter uses the vocabulary of its time for enslaved people.

Last checked October 2026.

Review of Kathleen Monteith, Plantation Coffee in Jamaica, 1790-1848 (University of the West Indies Press, 2019) — Aaron Graham — Economic History Review; accepted manuscript in UCL Discovery

Used for: A historian's summary of the standard study of Jamaican plantation coffee: expansion in the 1790s after the collapse of Saint-Domingue, a peak between 1800 and 1805, decline to negligible exports by 1848, the labour of enslaved people and the colonial state's support

Limits: A two-page book review, read in full. It is a summary of Monteith's book by another historian, not the book, which was not obtained; nor were the articles by S. D. Smith that the review names. The review gives no figures. Its date of publication in the journal was not established.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee Berry Borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Activity and Infestation in the High Mountain and Blue Mountain Regions of Jamaica — Myrie, Hall, Luke, Chinthapalli, Tennant and Robinson — Insects 14 (MDPI); University of the West Indies, Mona, 2023

Used for: The berry borer's arrival in Jamaica in 1978 and spread by 1982, a year of trapping on one High Mountain estate in Clarendon and one Blue Mountain farm in St Andrew, with each farm's varieties, shade, elevation and month-by-month crop stages, and the paper's summary of the sector

Limits: Read as the full-text XML from Europe PMC (PMC10455829): introduction, site description, crop-stage table, results and discussion. Two farms in one crop cycle. Its statement of what may be sold as Blue Mountain coffee (three parishes, 500 to 2,000 metres) is the authors' summary citing other works and does not match the regulations, which name a boundary and no elevation. Its national figure for 2017 (8,000 hectares, 6,222 tons) is quoted from a source that was not opened.

Last checked October 2026.

Genetic Variation in Jamaican Populations of the Coffee Berry Borer, Hypothenemus hampei — Errbii, Myrie, Robinson, Schultner, Schrader and Oettler — Genome Biology and Evolution 16 (Oxford University Press), 2024

Used for: The three elevation classes into which Jamaica's coffee areas are sorted, the 1978 introduction of the berry borer to the lowlands, and four sampled populations

Limits: Read as the full-text XML from Europe PMC (PMC11529894): introduction and the sampling paragraph of the methods; the genomics was not used. The elevation classes are stated without a citation and are not the legal definition of any coffee name. Only the month of publication is known; the day in the record is a placeholder.

Last checked October 2026.

Reforming the Smallholder Coffee Sector in Malawi: A Case Study of Smallholder Commercialisation — Ephraim W. Chirwa, Andrew Dorward and Jonathan Kydd — Future Agricultures Consortium, 2007

Used for: the history of smallholder coffee in northern Malawi, the districts where coffee grows and who grows it, national production at its peak and in 2005, the replacement of the state authority by a farmers' trust and then a cooperative union, the varieties smallholders reported growing in a 2007 survey, harvesting, primary processing and marketing

Limits: A working paper funded by the United Kingdom's development ministry, read by section: the introduction, the overview of the reform, the passage and table on varieties, and the sections on harvesting, grading and marketing were read in full; the sections on labour, fertiliser and the comparison with tea and sugar were not. Its early history is credited to an unpublished 2004 paper by Mulwafu that CoffeeHQ has not opened. Its survey covered smallholders in the north only, so the variety table says nothing about the estates that grew most of the crop, and the column giving the share of a plot under each variety is an average among the farmers who have it and does not add up. The month is recorded as printed, October 2007. A four-page briefing by the same authors, dated February 2008, was also read and adds the 1971 founding of the authority and a count of about 3,200 farmers.

Last checked October 2026.

Crop protection implications for coffee smallholders in Malawi of the introduction of Catimor cultivars (Working Paper A1063/1, in the final technical report of project R8204) — R. J. Hillocks, N. Phiri and C. S. M. Chanika — Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, for the Crop Protection Programme

Used for: where coffee grows in Malawi and on what scale, the Agaro and Geisha plantings of the 1960s and 1970s and the disease they replaced local cultivars for, the arrival of Catimor populations in the early 1990s and their distribution to smallholders, the selection of the cultivar Nyika, coffee berry disease and white stem borer in Malawi

Limits: The introduction and the table of entries of one working paper in a long annex were read in full; the trial results and the other papers in the annex were not. A project report, not a journal article. The document carries no single date: it describes planting to the end of 2004 and support continuing until 2005, so the year is given in the title and no publication date is recorded. Its count of about 5,000 households differs from the 3,200 farmers a 2008 briefing gives. Its statement that quality in the north is high is the authors' remark, not a measurement.

Last checked October 2026.

Promotion of ICPM for smallholder coffee, R8423 (ZA 0650): Final Technical Report — Rory Hillocks — Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, for the Crop Protection Programme, 2006

Used for: a 2005 survey of smallholder coffee in Zambia made to compare it with Malawi: who grew coffee in Zambia until the 1990s, national production in 1984 and 2004, the collapse of a World Bank smallholder scheme, the number of smallholders left, and the diseases and pests they faced

Limits: The executive summary, the section 'Coffee in Zambia' and the conclusions of the field survey were read; the Malawi impact studies and the annexes were not. The authors call their own socio-economic findings impressionistic: three smallholder groups in Northern Province, two near towns and two estates were visited. The production figures for 1984 and 2004 are given without a source.

Last checked October 2026.

A History of Coffee Growing in Zambia: The Case of Kateshi and Ngoli Estates in Kasama District, 1967 to 2012 — Charity Mbalazi — University of Zambia, 2017

Used for: coffee in Zambia from the first plantings before the First World War to 2012: the settler plantings at Abercorn, African growers in Isoka and their sales through Tanganyika, the state scheme at Ngoli from 1967, the parastatal coffee company, its varieties and irrigation, privatisation in 1996, receivership in 2008 and the sale to Olam in 2012, and the seasonal labour of the harvest

Limits: A master's dissertation in history, examined but not peer-reviewed in a journal, downloaded from the university repository and read by passage: the abstract, the historical background, the chapter on the company from 1967 to 2012 and the passages on harvest labour were read; the chapters on social impact and the literature review only by searching. It is a history of two estates, not of the national sector: national figures appear in passing (6,500 tonnes in 2004) and are cited from newspapers and agency reports CoffeeHQ has not opened. One early yield is printed with mixed units (pounds of clean coffee per hectare). The year is recorded as on the title page, 2017.

Last checked October 2026.

The impact of climate change on the potential distribution of agricultural pests: the case of the coffee white stem borer (Monochamus leuconotus P.) in Zimbabwe — Kutywayo D, Chemura A, Kusena W, Chidoko P, Mahoya C — PLoS ONE, 2013

Used for: where arabica is grown in Zimbabwe, the pests and diseases of economic importance there, the white stem borer's incidence and the yield it costs, and a model of where the pest could spread as the climate warms, built from a 2003 survey of farms in four eastern districts

Limits: Open access; the introduction and the description of the study area were read from the Europe PMC full text, the modelling and results were not. A paper about one pest by staff of the coffee research station: what it says about the sector is background, cited from other work. Its field data are from 2003, before most of the decline in production, so its description of where coffee is grown is not a description of today. The elevations it gives are the highest and lowest farms in its own survey. The publication date is recorded as the year only.

Last checked October 2026.

Genomic Evaluation of Coffea arabica and Its Wild Relative Coffea racemosa in Mozambique: Settling Resilience Keys for the Coffee Crop in the Context of Climate Change — Tapaça IPE, Mavuque L, Corti R, Pedrazzani S, Maquia ISA, Tongai C, Partelli FL, Ramalho JC, Marques I, Ribeiro-Barros AI — Plants (Basel), 2023

Used for: a field survey for coffee species in central and southern Mozambique, which found only Coffea racemosa; the genetic diversity of that species against the arabica planted on Gorongosa Mountain and in Niassa; the cultivar planted at Gorongosa and where it came from; and the reported ranges of Coffea racemosa and Coffea zanguebariae

Limits: Open access; the abstract, introduction, discussion and the sampling paragraph of the methods were read from the Europe PMC full text, the results tables and supplementary data were not. A genetics paper: 35 arabica and 48 wild samples. It says nothing about how much coffee Mozambique grows, by whom, or how it is processed. Two of its authors work for the national park whose plantation it assesses, and the project was partly funded by the park. Its statements that Coffea racemosa is low in caffeine and makes an aromatic drink are cited from other work and from 'local records', and it calls for the bean's quality to be studied. It calls Inhambane central Mozambique; the other papers read call it southern.

Last checked October 2026.

Mozambican Coffea accessions from Ibo and Quirimba Islands: identification and geographical distribution — Navarini L, Scaglione D, Del Terra L, Scalabrin S, Mavuque L, Turello L, Nguenha R, Luongo G — AoB Plants, 2024

Used for: whole-genome sequencing of forty coffee plants from Ibo and Quirimba islands and from Inhambane, identifying the island coffee as Coffea zanguebariae and the Inhambane coffee as Coffea racemosa; the history of confusion between the two; and where each is indigenous

Limits: Open access; the abstract, introduction, sampling description and conclusions were read from the Europe PMC full text, the sequencing methods and results in detail were not. Three of the eight authors work for a coffee roasting company, which has a commercial interest in the island coffee; the paper itself is a taxonomic identification. Thirty-six island plants and four from Inhambane, so its statement that Coffea racemosa is exclusive to Inhambane rests on four control samples and is worded by the authors as how it appears. The caffeine figure for the island coffee is a preliminary result it cites from a thesis. The 1906 medal is cited from a 1906 source CoffeeHQ has not opened. The publication date is recorded as the month of the journal collection.

Last checked October 2026.

Mass and Nutrient Content of Beans and Husks of Coffea racemosa and Coffea zanguebariae Grown in Mozambique — Alberto NJ, Silva LOE, de Almeida RN, Rodrigues WP, Zandamela AJ, Ramalho JC, Partelli FL — Plants (Basel), 2025

Used for: the native range and ecological niches of Coffea racemosa and Coffea zanguebariae, where each was sampled under cultivation in Mozambique in 2023 and 2024, when the fruit was collected, and the mineral content of beans and husks

Limits: Open access; the introduction and the first two paragraphs of the methods were read from the Europe PMC full text, the results were not. Twenty-two plants of each species. Its phrase 'unique, exotic flavor profiles' is an assertion in the introduction with no sensory data behind it in this paper, and is not repeated by CoffeeHQ. The fruit-collection months are one season's sampling dates, not a harvest calendar. The publication date is recorded as the year only.

Last checked October 2026.

Irradiance level and elevation shape the soil microbiome communities of Coffea arabica L. — Tapaça IPE, Obieze CC, Pereira GVM, Fangueiro D, Coutinho J, Fraga I, Partelli FL, Ramalho JC, Marques I, Ribeiro-Barros AI — Environmental Microbiome, 2024

Used for: a soil study in the arabica planted under forest shade on Gorongosa Mountain, giving the planting density and the three elevations and three shade levels of the experimental plots

Limits: Open access; only the end of the introduction and the experimental design paragraph were read from the Europe PMC full text. Used for one thing: that the plots of a research trial sit at about 600, 800 and 900 metres. Those are the elevations of an experiment, not of the plantation as a whole. The publication date is recorded as the year only.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee, Poverty and Economic Development in Timor-Leste: Research Report 2013 — Brett Inder, David Lloyd, Katy Cornwell and Zeferino Tilman — Monash University Centre for Development Economics, with Southern Cross University and Universidade Nacional Timor Lorosa'e, 2013

Used for: a survey of 825 coffee-growing households in Ermera in 2011: the form in which they sold coffee and to whom, prices, volumes, yields, training, sources of income, and how food consumption differed between the months before the harvest and the months after it

Limits: A bilingual report (English and Tetum) of about 60 pages; the English text of sections 1 to 4.3 was read, with the Tetum lines filtered out, and the remainder only by searching. Read from a copy hosted by La'o Hamutuk. A research report funded by an Australian aid research award and described by its authors as non-technical; the technical papers behind it were not read. One municipality, one year, and by the authors' own account a poor harvest, so it describes Ermera in 2011 and is not a national or current picture. Yields are built from households' own reports of area and sales, in parchment-equivalent. The report says nothing of species, varieties or history. The publication day and month are not given.

Last checked October 2026.

Following the track of 'Híbrido de Timor' origin by cytogenetic and flow cytometry approaches — W. R. Clarindo, C. R. Carvalho, E. T. Caixeta and A. D. Koehler — Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 60, 2013

Used for: the chromosome number and DNA content of the Timor Hybrid accession held to be the first plant (CIFC 4106), and how other Timor Hybrid accessions differ from it

Limits: ABSTRACT ONLY, read on the repository page of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (https://locus.ufv.br/items/822a744d-11c4-4133-a91f-72d7e28b79a5) through a page-fetching tool that quoted one sentence and summarised the remainder; the article itself is behind a paywall and was not read. The abstract's own wording is that the plant was 'supposedly' the first, found in 1927. It does not say where on the island, or by whom. The month of publication is approximate.

Last checked October 2026.

Towards a geographical indication for Kenyan coffee — CIRAD (Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement), 2026

Used for: the status of geographical indications for Kenyan coffee in 2026: pilot work, the legal basis in collective and certification marks, and a draft law not yet adopted

Limits: A news article by a research organisation that runs the pilot projects it describes, read in full; it promotes the approach. It quotes an assistant registrar at the Kenya Industrial Property Institute saying the draft bill on geographical indications 'is taking time to be adopted'. It refers to a 'Coffee Act 2026', which CoffeeHQ has not read. It does not mention Nyeri or any county name, and the position may have changed since April 2026.

Last checked October 2026.

Legacies of British Slavery database: estate records for British Guiana — Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery, University College London

Used for: estate-by-estate records transcribed from the slave registers and the compensation claims of the British Caribbean: for each estate, what it grew where that is recorded, the number of enslaved people returned in each registration, and the claim made at emancipation

Limits: Two estate records were read, by the second reader of the Guyana note on 2026-10-09 (docs/second-reading/group-f.md): Plegt Anker, a coffee estate, with 62 enslaved people in the registration of 1818, and Sandvoort, recorded as a coffee and cocoa plantation in 1794, with 226 in 1818 and compensation claim British Guiana 422. The address of each estate page was not recorded, and the database's site refused a request when this record was written, so the two figures rest on that one reading. A database of transcribed registers, not a history: two records are not a survey of the colony's coffee estates, and nothing was read on how many of its estates grew coffee or on the lives of the people registered.

Last checked October 2026.

The middle men: the American Foreign Service and the dictators of Central America, 1930-1952, chapter 3, 'Defeat in El Salvador' — J. H. H. van den Berk, doctoral thesis, Leiden University, 2012

Used for: a diplomatic history of the United States legations in Central America; used only for its survey of historians' estimates of the number killed in El Salvador in 1932

Limits: One chapter file of the thesis was downloaded from the Leiden repository on 2026-10-09 and read as extracted text: the opening pages of chapter 3 and its footnote 3. The rest of the chapter, which is about the recognition of the Martínez government, was searched and not read through. The thesis is about diplomacy, not about the killings: what it gives is a careful footnote reporting five other works, none of which CoffeeHQ has opened. It is evidence of what historians estimate and of their disagreement, not a source for a number.

Last checked October 2026.

F1 hybrids in an allopolyploid crop: genomic architecture, introgression mosaics, and breeding innovation — insights from Coffea arabica — B. Bertrand, D. Mieulet and J.-C. Breitler — Frontiers in Plant Science, 2026

Used for: a review of hybrid breeding in arabica: the history of the search for heterosis, two proposed mechanisms for it, the size of the yield advantage in station and farm trials, and the propagation of hybrids by tissue culture and male sterility

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text: the highlights, the introduction, the section on the historical emergence and quantitative validation of heterosis, the sections on introgressed-block and regulatory heterosis, and the sections on clonal propagation and male sterility. The sections on subgenome regulation, dosage balance and genomic tools were not read. The publication date is given to the year only. Its authors are breeders at institutions that developed and promote arabica F1 hybrids, and several of its key citations are to their own trials, one of them described as submitted and another as under review; the figures of more than +200 per cent heterosis at stations and 30 to 40 per cent across environments are the review's summary, not a trial read by CoffeeHQ. The regulatory mechanism is labelled by the authors as a proposal.

Last checked October 2026.

Whole-genome resequencing of Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae) genotypes identify SNP and unravels distinct groups showing a strong geographical pattern — Y. Mekbib, K. Tesfaye, X. Dong and others — BMC Plant Biology, 22, 2022

Used for: resequencing of 90 arabica accessions from the Choche field gene bank in Ethiopia, representing garden and forest coffee

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text: the abstract first, then the introduction, methods, results and discussion with tables 1 and 2. The tree itself (figure 3) and the supplementary tables listing each accession were not seen. It reports counts of variants and a maximum-likelihood tree of four clusters; it gives no diversity statistic and no analysis of population structure. Ninety accessions from one gene bank. The publication date is given to the year only.

Last checked October 2026.

Marker-assisted recurrent selection for pyramiding leaf rust and coffee berry disease resistance alleles in Coffea arabica L. — L. M. Saavedra, E. T. Caixeta, G. D. Barka and others — Genes, 14(1), 189, 2023

Used for: a breeding study using DNA markers to combine resistance genes for leaf rust and coffee berry disease in arabica hybrid populations; its introduction summarises the nine SH resistance genes and their origins

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text: the abstract, the two introductory paragraphs on pyramiding and on the breakdown of resistance, the headings of the marker methods and the first paragraph of the marker results. Results tables and the diversity analysis were not read. The account of the SH genes, their species of origin and the matching virulence genes is this paper's summary of earlier authors, who were not opened. The publication date is given to the year only. It demonstrates selection in a breeding population; it does not test how long pyramided resistance lasts in the field.

Last checked October 2026.

Early selection enabled by the implementation of genomic selection in Coffea arabica breeding — T. V. Sousa, E. T. Caixeta, E. R. Alkimim and others — Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1934, 2019

Used for: the first genomic selection study in arabica: 195 plants in 13 families, 21,211 markers, 18 agronomic traits measured over three years

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text: the abstract, the closing paragraphs of the introduction, and the passages defining predictive capacity and accuracy and describing the cross-validation. The results tables were not read, so no accuracy figure is quoted. The record gives the collection year as 2018 and the journal year as 2019; the page says 2018. One population in one programme; the halving of the selection cycle is the authors' inference from prediction accuracy, not a variety released by this method.

Last checked October 2026.

First description of bacterial and fungal communities in Colombian coffee beans fermentation analysed using Illumina-based amplicon sequencing — A. C. de Oliveira Junqueira, G. V. de Melo Pereira, J. D. Coral Medina and others — Scientific Reports, 9, 8794, 2019

Used for: the bacteria and fungi of a spontaneous, traditional washed-coffee fermentation on one farm in Nariño, Colombia, by amplicon sequencing, with organic acids and volatile compounds in the fermenting mass

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text, by passage: the abstract, the results-and-discussion paragraphs on bacterial and fungal groups, on lactic acid and pH and on acetaldehyde, and the opening of the methods. One farm, one ten-kilogram fermentation; shares are of sequence reads and not counts of living cells. Its statements about where particular genera come from (insects, animals, water) are the authors' attribution from other literature. It did not taste the coffee.

Last checked October 2026.

Metataxonomic identification of microorganisms during the coffee fermentation process in Colombian farms (Cesar Department) — C. E. Góngora, L. Holguín-Sterling, B. Pedraza-Claros and others — Foods, 13(6), 839, 2024

Used for: bacteria, yeasts and fungi in the mucilage during fermentation on twenty farms and three arabica varieties, with physicochemical measurements and cup scores

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text: the abstract in full and the two passages in which the authors name a 'central microbiome'. The results sections, tables and the cup-quality analysis were not read, so its statement that the longest fermentations scored better is not used. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Development of fermentation strategies for quality mild coffee production (Coffea arabica L.) based on oxygen availability and processing time — A. E. Peñuela-Martínez, C. V. Osorio-Giraldo, C. Buitrago-Zuluaga and R. D. Medina-Rivera — Foods, 14(17), 3001; National Coffee Research Center (Cenicafé), Colombia, 2025

Used for: fermentation of pulped Castillo coffee and of whole fruit in open tanks and in sealed tanks with an airlock, for up to 192 hours at 20 degrees Celsius, with microbial sequencing, physical quality, embryo viability and cup scores; its introduction defines aerobic, semi-anaerobic and anaerobic fermentation

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text: first by passage, then in a second sitting the methods, the four results sections, the discussion, the conclusions and tables 1 to 3 as extracted text. The figures and the supplementary tables, which hold the genus-level shares, were not seen. The work was done at, and funded through, the Colombian growers' federation's research centre. No oxygen measurement is reported in any passage read or found by searching the text for 'oxygen'. The publication date is given to the month. Three tasters.

Last checked October 2026.

Microbial community dynamics during Coffea arabica cv. Arara fermentation and their relationship with specialty coffee quality — L. C. F. Silva, G. X. R. Costa, M. A. D. da Cruz and others — Scientific Reports, 2026

Used for: bacterial and fungal communities during sealed fermentations of Arara coffee over 72 hours, with and without added water, temperature control and a yeast starter, and statistical models relating genera to cup scores

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text, by passage: the abstract, the end of the introduction, the description of the fermentations and of the airlock, the sensory method and the description of the decision-tree models. The results sections were not read beyond those passages. The publication date is given to the year only. Its links between genera and scores are correlations from statistical models, and the authors call the genera 'potential positive markers'. Five certified tasters. No oxygen measurement is reported.

Last checked October 2026.

Effect of bacterial and yeast starters on the formation of volatile and organic acid compounds in coffee beans and selection of flavors markers precursors during wet fermentation — S. J. Martinez, A. P. P. Bressani, D. R. Dias, J. B. P. Simão and R. F. Schwan — Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1287, 2019

Used for: a laboratory study inoculating surface-sterilised coffee beans with three yeast and six bacterial cultures singly and measuring organic acids and volatile compounds

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text: the abstract and conclusion first, then the methods, both results sections and the table of volatile compounds as extracted text. The two figures of acid concentrations were not seen, so no concentration is quoted beyond those in the text. The publication date is given to the month. The beans were autoclaved and inoculated with one culture at a time, which shows what a culture can produce and is unlike a farm fermentation; none of the six bacteria was a lactic acid bacterium; the coffee was not roasted or tasted.

Last checked October 2026.

Incidence and distribution of filamentous fungi during fermentation, drying and storage of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) beans — C. F. Silva, L. R. Batista and R. F. Schwan — Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 39(3), 2008

Used for: filamentous fungi isolated from natural-process coffee at harvest, during 22 days of drying on a cement platform, and in storage

Limits: Read in full on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text, with its three tables: the abstract in a first sitting, the whole paper in a second. One lot of one variety at one farm. A culture-based study from before sequencing was routine. Its table of moisture and water activity during drying is headed 'relative humidity', which the text shows to mean the moisture of the coffee. The storage was a cold chamber at 3 degrees Celsius whose humidity reached 90 per cent, which is not an ordinary warehouse. Mycotoxin results are 'data not shown'. The publication date is given to the quarter.

Last checked October 2026.

Thin-layer drying of parchment Arabica coffee by controlling temperature and relative humidity — S. Phitakwinai, S. Thepa and W. Nilnont — Food Science & Nutrition, 7(9), 2019

Used for: a laboratory study of the drying of thin layers of arabica parchment at 50, 60 and 70 degrees Celsius and 10 to 30 per cent relative humidity at fixed air velocity, with fitted drying models and effective moisture diffusivity

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text, by passage: the abstract, the objectives, the description of the dryer and its fixed air velocity, the passage giving initial and final moisture on a dry basis, the passage on the effective diffusivity and its range, and the two discussion paragraphs on temperature and vapour pressure. Tables and figures were not read, so which condition gave which final moisture is not stated. An engineering study fitting equations for dryer design: it dried about 100 grams at a time, its temperatures are experimental conditions, and it did not assess quality. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Harmonizing drying time, layer thickness, and drier zones for drying kinetics: quality and safety of solar tunnel-dried wet-processed parchment coffee (Coffea arabica L.) — Z. K. Abdissa, Y. B. Tola, A. H. Taye and H. H. Mohammed — International Journal of Food Science, 2023, 2023

Used for: a field experiment drying washed arabica parchment at three layer depths in three zones of a solar tunnel dryer and in open sun, with drying time, composition, cup quality and fungal infection

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text, by passage: the abstract, the site and dates, the zone temperatures and humidities, the paragraphs on drying time by zone and layer, and the paragraph attributing slow drying of deep layers to limited heat and mass transfer. Tables were not read. One site over six days in the dry season (31 December 2020 to 5 January 2021). The publication date is given to the year only. Its recommendation of particular layer depths for each zone is specific to that dryer and is not repeated.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee carbohydrates — R. Redgwell and M. Fischer — Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 18(1), 2006

Used for: a review of the sugars and cell-wall polysaccharides of the coffee seed during development, in the green bean and after roasting

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 on the journal's open page (SciELO), as extracted text and by passage: the abstract, the introduction, the paragraphs on free sugars during development, the opening of the polysaccharides section, and the paragraphs on galactomannan and arabinogalactan solubility and on pectic polysaccharides. The sections on biosynthesis and on roasted coffee were not read through. A review from 2006 whose figures are other authors' analyses; none was opened. Its authors worked for a coffee manufacturer's research centre. The publication date is given to the quarter.

Last checked October 2026.

The lipid fraction of the coffee bean — K. Speer and I. Kölling-Speer — Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 18(1), 2006

Used for: a review of coffee lipids: total content by species, triacylglycerols and fatty acids, diterpenes including 16-O-methylcafestol, the surface wax, and the authors' own storage experiments on free fatty acids and diterpenes

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 on the journal's open page (SciELO), as extracted text and by passage: the abstract, the paragraphs on total lipid content and composition, on fatty acids, on 16-O-methylcafestol, on lipids in the brew, on the coffee wax, and the storage experiment on free fatty acids in full. The sections on sterols, tocopherols and analytical methods were not read. The storage experiment is the reviewers' own work, reported here from the review and its description of a figure that was not seen; the original paper was not opened. The publication date is given to the quarter.

Last checked October 2026.

Phenolic compounds in coffee — A. Farah and C. M. Donangelo — Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 18(1), 2006

Used for: a review of chlorogenic acids and related compounds in coffee: their groups and isomers, levels by species and ripeness, what processing and roasting do to them, and their relation to cup quality

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 on the journal's open page (SciELO), as extracted text and by passage: the abstract, the paragraphs on the main groups and isomers, on total levels by species, on ripeness, on roasting and lactones, and the paragraph beginning 'The relationship of CGA with coffee cup quality is still unclear'. The sections on biosynthesis and health were not read. Every figure is the review's citation of earlier analyses, none of which was opened; the ripeness figures are one cited study's. The publication date is given to the quarter.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee seed physiology — M. T. S. Eira, E. A. A. da Silva, R. D. de Castro and others — Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 18(1), 2006

Used for: a review of the coffee seed: its structure, development, germination and its regulation, storage behaviour and conservation

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 on the journal's open page (SciELO), as extracted text and by passage: the abstract, the description of the seed's structure, the paragraphs on maturation time by species, on germination characteristics and the two-step weakening of the endosperm cap, on abscisic acid and gibberellin, on storage categories, on the minimum water content by species, on storage at minus 20 degrees and on field collections. Not read through. Its field figures (50 to 60 days to emergence; up to 90) are citations from 1957 and 1961, and its maturation times are one Brazilian gene bank's observations. The publication date is given to the quarter.

Last checked October 2026.

Integrative analysis of the late maturation programme and desiccation tolerance mechanisms in intermediate coffee seeds — S. Dussert, J. Serret, A. Bastos-Siqueira and others — Journal of Experimental Botany, 69(7), 2018

Used for: when during development the arabica seed acquires tolerance of drying, and the hormonal and gene-expression changes that accompany it

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text: the introduction's paragraph on recalcitrant and intermediate seeds, and the first results section in full, which gives the timing of desiccation tolerance and the seven stages of seed development. The transcriptome, hormone and protein sections were not read. One field site; its 260 days to maturity is that study's. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Effect of the post-harvest processing on protein modification in green coffee beans by phenolic compounds — G. A. F. Campos, J. G. K. T. Kruizenga, S. T. Sagu and others — Foods, 11(2), 159, 2022

Used for: modification of the main storage protein of green arabica by phenolic compounds, compared across fourteen samples from different processing methods and countries

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text: the abstract, the introduction's paragraphs on processing and on protein content, and the methods headings. The results and discussion were not read beyond the abstract's summary. Its protein range for green arabica (8.5 to 12.7 per cent) is a citation of earlier work that was not opened. Its introduction repeats general statements about the taste of wet- and dry-processed coffee that are not its findings and are not used. The coffee was not tasted. The publication date is given to the year only.

Last checked October 2026.

Characterization of the lipid oxidation process of robusta green coffee beans and shelf life prediction during accelerated storage — S. Cong, W. Dong, J. Zhao and others — Molecules, 25(5), 1157, 2020

Used for: oxidation indices and fatty acid composition of green robusta held at 40, 50 and 60 degrees Celsius for twenty days, with shelf lives predicted from an Arrhenius model

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text: the abstract first, then the results on moisture, the oxidation indices and free fatty acids, the shelf-life section, the storage method and the conclusions. The figures were not seen. An accelerated test at temperatures far above any warehouse, in open paper bags in which the beans dried to under 4 per cent moisture; its predicted shelf lives (23 to 57 days) are fitted to one index, apply to those conditions and are not quoted on the page. The abstract states the direction of change of the iodine and p-anisidine values the opposite way round from the body and the conclusions. The fatty-acid table contains figures that do not add up and is not used. No tasting. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Long-term coffee monoculture alters soil chemical properties and microbial communities — Q. Zhao, W. Xiong, Y. Xing and others — Scientific Reports, 8, 6116, 2018

Used for: soil chemistry and bacterial and fungal communities in four coffee fields continuously cropped for 4, 18, 26 and 57 years, with a pot experiment growing coffee seedlings in soil from each

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text, by passage: the introduction, the paragraphs reporting soil chemical properties, microbial richness and phyla, and the pot experiment. Tables were read through the text describing them; the pH of the 18- and 57-year fields is not quoted because the sentence is cut in the extract. Four fields, one per age, so age is confounded with place and management history; the study does not report what fertiliser each field had received. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee yield is influenced by soil properties, not by nitrogen fertilization strategies, under greenhouse gas monitoring in a Costa Rican Andisol — W. Giraldo-Sanclemente, A. G. Pérez-Castillo, M. Elizondo-Barquero and C. M. Rodríguez-Solís — Frontiers in Agronomy, 7, 1729122, 2025

Used for: an eight-month field trial of three nitrogen fertilisation strategies on a coffee farm, measuring yield and emissions of nitrous oxide and methane across two sectors with different soil

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 from the publisher's PDF as extracted text: the abstract in a first sitting; in a second the introduction, the methods, the results on yield and soil with tables 1, 2 and 4, and the discussion of yield. The sections on daily gas fluxes were read only in part and the supplementary tables not at all. Two of the four authors work for the research department of the coffee company that owns the farm. One crop cycle on one farm, with no unfertilised control. The text says one sector had '50% more clay' where its own table shows twice as much (20 against 10 per cent); CoffeeHQ follows the table. The two sectors differ in topography, texture and phosphorus together. The application amounts are in the paper and are deliberately not repeated on any page.

Last checked October 2026.

Analysis of phosphorus use efficiency traits in Coffea genotypes reveals Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora have contrasting phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiencies — A. P. Neto, J. L. Favarin, J. P. Hammond, T. Tezotto and H. T. Z. Couto — Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 408, 2016

Used for: growth and phosphorus uptake and use in 21 arabica and four robusta cultivars grown at contrasting phosphate supply

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text: the structured summary (methods, key results) and the introduction. Methods, results and discussion were not read, so the growing conditions and the age of the plants are not described on the page. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Agroecological coffee management increases arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity — P. Prates Júnior, B. C. Moreira, M. C. S. da Silva and others — PLoS ONE, 14(1), e0209093, 2019

Used for: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil and roots under agroecological coffee, conventional coffee and forest fragments at three localities and three stages of the crop, by spore morphology and a molecular method

Limits: Read in full on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC text, with its three tables: the abstract in a first sitting, the whole paper in a second. The supplementary tables were not seen. Nine sites: three localities at Araponga, Minas Gerais, each with one plot per management system, so each system is three plots that also differ in age and history. The molecular method is a banding pattern (PCR-DGGE), not a count of sequences. Diversity was measured; no effect on the trees or the crop was. The publication date is given to the year only.

Last checked October 2026.

No reduction in yield of young robusta coffee when grown under shade trees in Ecuadorian Amazonia — K. Piato, C. Subía, F. Lefort and others — Life, 12(6), 807, 2022

Used for: a field experiment on five-year-old robusta under four shade-tree arrangements and full sun, crossed with four cropping systems, measuring growth, leaf nitrogen and cherry yield

Limits: Read in full on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC text, with its tables: the abstract in a first sitting, the whole paper in a second. Figures were read through their captions and the text. Leaf nitrogen was not measured across the plots: leaf chlorophyll was, with an optical meter calibrated against seventeen analysed leaves. The two leguminous canopies were also the two shadiest (about 25 per cent against 7 to 9), so nitrogen fixation and shade are not separated. Yield is ripe cherries picked from selected stems over three months, not a season's crop. Three monthly assessments of five-year-old shrubs; the authors themselves ask for confirmation over the long term. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Agronomic and physiological aspects of programmed cycle pruning in Coffea arabica — D. C. Baitelle, S. J. Freitas, H. D. Vieira and others — Plants (Basel), 2026

Used for: a field experiment comparing programmed cycle pruning at four stem densities with traditional pruning in arabica: canopy growth, leaf gas exchange in the upper and lower canopy, and yield

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text: the abstract in a first sitting; in a second the introduction, the results, the discussion's passages on what the authors call girdling, the site, design and yield methods and the conclusions. The methods for gas exchange and leaf pigments were skimmed. In this paper 'girdling' means a tree with a heavy lower canopy and a weak top, not a ring cut or constriction of the stem. One site, one cultivar, four harvests. By the authors' own statement the comparison is between renewed trees and trees that had not been renewed. The publication date is given to the year only. The stem densities are the experiment's and are not repeated.

Last checked October 2026.

Slower development of lower canopy beans produces better coffee — B. Cheng, H. E. Smyth, A. Furtado and R. J. Henry — Journal of Experimental Botany, 71(14), 2020

Used for: gene expression and composition of arabica beans from the upper and lower canopy of the same plants at several developmental stages

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text, by passage: the abstract in a first sitting; in a second the processing and sensory methods, the results on aroma, size and composition, parts of the discussion and the conclusion. Most of the paper is an analysis of gene expression, which was read only where it bears on ripening. One variety on one farm in New South Wales at one harvest, four replicates. Aroma was smelled on roasted whole and ground beans by twelve trained panellists and, in a paired comparison, by 86 untrained people; the coffee was not brewed. Longer ripening is inferred from gene expression. 'Better coffee' is the title's phrase; the page does not adopt the word.

Last checked October 2026.

The future of coffee and cocoa agroforestry in a warmer Mesoamerica — K. de Sousa, M. van Zonneveld, M. Holmgren and others — Scientific Reports, 9, 8828, 2019

Used for: modelled changes in the climatic suitability of coffee, cocoa and the 100 most common agroforestry trees in Mesoamerica

Limits: Read in full on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC text: the abstract in a first sitting, then results, discussion and methods. Figures were read through their captions and the text; the supplement was not seen. A species distribution model from presence records and nine climate variables, projected to the 2050s under two scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5): it says where the climate would suit a species, not what would be grown, and its authors say it leaves out pests, soil, markets and farmers' knowledge. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Impact of drought associated with high temperatures on Coffea canephora plantations: a case study in Espírito Santo State, Brazil — L. P. Venancio, R. Filgueiras, E. C. Mantovani and others — Scientific Reports, 10, 19719, 2020

Used for: rainfall, air temperature, production, yield, planted area and satellite vegetation records for the conilon regions of Espírito Santo, 2010 to 2016

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text, by passage: the abstract in a first sitting; in a second every passage on irrigation, the table of yields and areas, the section on the combined effect of rainfall and temperature, and the conclusions. The sections on the satellite index were skimmed. An analysis of records and correlations, not an experiment, on six seasons in nine municipalities; its regression figures rest on those six seasons and are not quoted. More than nine tenths of the plantations were irrigated and the sources of irrigation water ran short in the drought. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Genome sequence of the coffee root-knot nematode Meloidogyne exigua — N. Thi Phan, G. Besnard, R. Ouazahrou and others — Journal of Nematology, 53, 2021

Used for: a genome announcement for a root-knot nematode of coffee; used only for its opening paragraph on the species' distribution and the losses attributed to it

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text: the opening paragraph only. A short genome announcement; its loss figures (up to 45 per cent in Rio de Janeiro State, 15 to 20 per cent in Central America) are citations of other authors who were not opened, and its statement that only this species has a significant impact on coffee production is stronger than the Kenyan study's account of several damaging species. The publication date is given to the year only.

Last checked October 2026.

The bacterial microbiome of Meloidogyne-based disease complex in coffee and tomato — A. Lamelas, D. Desgarennes, D. López-Lima and others — Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 136, 2020

Used for: bacteria associated with root-knot nematode disease complexes in coffee and tomato; used only for its introduction's description of how the complex develops and of corky-root disease

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text: the abstract's first lines and the introductory paragraph describing the symptoms of the disease complex. The study's own results on bacteria were not read. The description of symptoms is its summary of earlier authors. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Temperature contributes to host specialization of coffee wilt disease (Fusarium xylarioides) on arabica and robusta coffee crops — X. Zhang, L. D. Peck, J. Flood, M. J. Ryan and T. G. Barraclough — Scientific Reports, 13, 9327, 2023

Used for: whether adaptation to temperature contributes to the specialisation of the wilt fungus's two populations on arabica and robusta: climate models of disease severity and laboratory growth assays, with an extrapolation to future climate

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text: the abstract in a first sitting; in a second the methods, all the results and the opening of the discussion. The supplement was not seen. The disease records are one survey of 2002 (the share of trees infected per farm at 51 places in Ethiopia and 60 in Uganda and Tanzania). The assays used four isolates on agar, not infected plants. The projection uses one climate model and one scenario and varies temperature alone. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Uneven extraction in coffee brewing — W. T. Lee, A. Smith and A. Arshad — Physics of Fluids, 35(5); University of Huddersfield, 2023

Used for: a mathematical model with two flow pathways through an espresso bed, built to test whether feedback between flow and dissolution can explain why measured extraction falls at very fine grinds

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the authors' arXiv manuscript (version 2, dated 7 April 2023): the abstract, the introduction and the conclusions. The model sections and figures were not read. A model, not an experiment: its parameters were taken from an earlier paper, fitted, or in one case chosen, in the authors' words, in order to see the desired behaviour. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Under pressure: poroelastic regulation of flow in espresso brewing — R. Waszkiewicz, F. Myck, Ł. Białas, M. Puciata-Mroczynska, M. Dzikowski, P. Szymczak and M. Lisicki — Physics of Fluids, 38(6); University of Warsaw, 2026

Used for: flow rate through an espresso bed measured at basket pressures from 1 to 12 bar on a cafe machine, with the pressure above the bed calibrated against pump pressure, time-resolved dissolved solids, tomography of the bed before and after brewing, and a model of the bed as an elastic porous medium

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the authors' arXiv manuscript (version 2, dated 9 May 2026): the abstract, the introduction, the experimental methods including the pressure calibration, passages of the model and discussion, the conclusions and the table of parameters; and, in a second sitting, the results section with the captions of figures 5 to 9. The figures themselves were not seen, only their captions and the text. The pressure-flow result is for the steady flow about 100 seconds after the pump starts (60 brews of at least 120 s at 11 pressures), not for the flow during a normal shot. One coffee (a light to medium-light Brazilian), one grinder setting, one dose of 18.5 grams and one basket; the authors say a systematic exploration of other conditions remains to be done. The equipment and beans were supplied by coffee businesses the authors thank. The journal version was not opened; the publication date is the journal's, given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

The role of fines in espresso extraction dynamics — S. Smrke, A. Eiermann and C. Yeretzian — Scientific Reports, 14, 5612; Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 2024

Used for: espresso made from one Costa Rican arabica at a range of grind settings with one, two or four grams of a 20 gram dose replaced by sieved fines at the three coarser settings: extraction yield, shot time, flow, headspace volatiles and one taster's scores

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text, by passage: the abstract, the methods for grinding, sieving and brewing, the results on yield against time, the whole sensory section and the conclusions. The statistical modelling section and the figures were not read. One coffee, one grinder, 9 bar, 20 grams in and 40 grams out. The tasting was by one experienced taster, not blind and, in the authors' words, not a systematic sensory test.

Last checked October 2026.

Modelling swelling effects in real espresso extraction using a 1-dimensional coarse-grained model — C. Mo, L. Navarini, F. Suggi Liverani and M. Ellero — Journal of Food Engineering, 365, 111843; Basque Center for Applied Mathematics and illycaffè, 2023

Used for: a simulation of espresso extraction in which coffee particles swell slightly as they take up water, comparing a machine that fixes the flow rate with one that fixes the pressure

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the authors' manuscript on their institute's repository: the abstract and the conclusions. A simulation: the degree of swelling (about 3.6 per cent in size) is an assumption, not a measurement. Two of the authors work for a coffee company. The publication date is given to the year.

Last checked October 2026.

Exploring the link between coffee matrix microstructure and flow properties using combined X-ray microtomography and smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations — C. Mo, R. E. Johnston, L. Navarini, F. Suggi Liverani and M. Ellero — Scientific Reports, 13, 16374 (first read as arXiv preprint 2305.03911), 2023

Used for: X-ray tomography of beds of ground coffee before and after extraction, with flow simulated through the scanned structure to estimate permeability and tortuosity

Limits: First read on 2026-10-09 as an arXiv preprint (abstract and conclusions). The same day it was found published as Scientific Reports 13, 16374 (2023), open in PubMed Central as PMC10541431, and that version was read: abstract, materials, the section on permeability and tortuosity, the analysis of post-extraction images, summary and conclusions. The conclusions are those of the preprint. The record's id keeps the word preprint for stability. Permeability comes from simulation on small cubes cut from scans, not from flow measurements, and the authors say a bed of realistic size could not be simulated. The samples are 6.7 g capsules supplied by a coffee company, where one author works; two capsules were scanned after brewing. The date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

A multiscale model for espresso brewing: asymptotic analysis and numerical simulation — Y. Grudeva, K. M. Moroney and J. M. Foster — European Journal of Applied Mathematics, 37(2), 496–519, 2025

Used for: a mathematical model of espresso that includes the water's first passage into the dry bed, with the bed divided into dry, saturated and extracting regions

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the publisher's open PDF: the abstract and the conclusion. The analysis itself was not read. A model with no new experiment. The publication date is given to the year.

Last checked October 2026.

Analysing extraction uniformity from porous coffee beds using mathematical modelling and computational fluid dynamics approaches — K. M. Moroney, K. O'Connell, P. Meikle-Janney, S. B. G. O'Brien, G. M. Walker and W. T. Lee — PLOS ONE, 14(7), e0219906, 2019

Used for: models of flow and extraction in a cylindrical bed of coffee and in a truncated cone, compared with experimental data for the cylinder

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the journal's open PDF: the abstract and the conclusions. A modelling paper; the experimental comparison is for the cylindrical bed only. It concerns packed beds in general and is not a study of an espresso basket.

Last checked October 2026.

Characterization of the aroma profile and main key odorants of espresso coffee — S. Angeloni, A. M. Mustafa, D. Abouelenein, L. Alessandroni, L. Acquaticci, F. K. Nzekoue, R. Petrelli, G. Sagratini, S. Vittori, E. Torregiani and G. Caprioli — Molecules, 26(13), 3856, 2021

Used for: a review of the volatile compounds reported in espresso, the odorants considered most important, and what studies report of extraction time, water temperature, pressure and particle size

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text, by passage: the sections on pressure and on particle size, and the overview of aroma classes. The sections on analytical methods were not read. A review: every figure for pressure is another study's, none of which was opened, and the review does not describe their designs.

Last checked October 2026.

A new methodology to estimate the steady-state permeability of roast and ground coffee in packed beds — B. R. Corrochano, J. R. Melrose, A. C. Bentley, P. J. Fryer and S. Bakalis — Journal of Food Engineering, 150, 106–116, 2015

Used for: measured flow rate against pressure drop through packed beds of roast and ground coffee, fitted to Darcy's law to give a permeability

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09: the abstract first; then the version of record held by the University of Birmingham's repository, retrieved through the Internet Archive, for the methods on packing, hydration, flow measurement and consolidation, the results on particle size, the transient, consolidation and steady-state permeability, and the conclusions. The comparison of two permeability models was skimmed. A test cell of 37 mm diameter, not an espresso machine; water at 80 degrees; measured on fully extracted, consolidated beds after ten minutes of flow, at 0.5 to 4.5 bar, so it says nothing about flow above 4.5 bar or during the first minute. Two of the authors work for a coffee company. The publication date is given to the year.

Last checked October 2026.

Dynamics of liquid infiltration into an espresso bed using time-resolved micro-computed tomography: insights from experiment and modeling — J. M. Foster, W. T. Lee, K. M. Moroney, D. Prjamkov, M. Salamon and A. P. Smith — Physics of Fluids, 37(1), 2025

Used for: X-ray tomography used to follow the front of water entering a dry espresso bed, compared with a model of flow in a partly saturated porous medium that includes the pump

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09: the abstract first; then the authors' copy in the University of Limerick's repository for the experimental setup, data analysis, results, the passage on headspace pressure and pump flow, and the opening of the conclusions. The derivation of the model was skimmed and the appendices not read. A modified home machine (De'Longhi Dedica) with a vibration pump, a bed tamped by hand to 12 kg, one shot at a fine grind and one at a coarse; the model was fitted to the fine grind only, with two parameters and a time shift adjusted. The capillary pressure is a nominal value. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

A model for the permeability of coffee pucks validated using X-ray computed micro-tomography — F. B. Wadsworth, J. Vasseur, J. Zhang, K. J. Dobson, J. Gagné and H. M. Buckland — Royal Society Open Science, 13(4), 2026

Used for: a theory of the permeability of packed ground coffee in terms of connected pore space and surface area, tested by simulating flow through tomographic scans of two coffees at eleven grind settings

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09: the abstract first; then the open copy in the University of Strathclyde's repository for the introduction, the methods on materials, particle sizing and the flow simulation, all the results, the discussion and the conclusions. The derivations in section 2 were skimmed. Permeability is computed by simulation on X-ray scans of dry packed coffee, not measured by flow, because the authors could not make a permeameter work on such fine beds. Two coffees from one roaster, eleven settings of one grinder, beds not tamped to any standard. The worked example of swelling in the conclusions gives permeabilities that CoffeeHQ could not reproduce from the paper's own formula, one of them printed with a positive exponent, so no absolute permeability is taken from it. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Modeling the effect of flow-induced mechanical erosion during coffee filtration — C. Mo, R. E. Johnston, L. Navarini and M. Ellero — Physics of Fluids, 33(9), 2021

Used for: a particle simulation in which flowing water erodes coffee grains, and the unevenness that produces along and across the direction of flow

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09: the abstract first; then the authors' manuscript in the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics repository for the end of the introduction and the summary and conclusion. The model and results sections were not read. A particle simulation under what its authors call ideal porous flow conditions, which assumes that coffee grains are not completely wetted and stay brittle. Funded by a coffee company, where one author works. No experiment. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Test of an innovative method to prepare coffee powder puck, improving espresso extraction reliability — G. Angeloni, L. Guerrini, P. Masella, A. Dionisio, R. Gatti and A. Parenti — European Food Research and Technology, 248(1), 163–170, 2022

Used for: an espresso bed built in layers of different grind size, tested for the stability of flow rate from shot to shot in three trials with different coffees and grinders

Limits: Read in full on 2026-10-09 on the publisher's open page as held by the Internet Archive, the abstract having been read first; the three tables and three figures did not come through and are known only from the text. Three trials on one machine at 9 bar and 92 degrees with 15 g doses. Flow rate is the only outcome: nothing was tasted and no extraction was measured. 'The optimal espresso flow rate is 1 g/s' is the paper's premise, not its finding. The method is patented; the paper states that the academic authors are its inventors without a financial interest and that the industrial authors work with the patent's owner. Published online in 2021, in the 2022 volume.

Last checked October 2026.

Understanding the formation of CO2 and its degassing behaviours in coffee (doctoral thesis) — X. Wang — University of Guelph, 2014

Used for: how much carbon dioxide remains in coffee roasted to four degrees at two temperatures, how fast it leaves whole and ground coffee at different temperatures and humidities, and which components of green coffee it forms from

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the university repository's PDF, by passage: the abstract, chapter 4's results on residual carbon dioxide in whole and ground coffee with its two tables, that chapter's conclusion; and, in a second sitting, chapter 5's results and conclusion and chapter 6 in full, on where the gas comes from. The degassing-rate tables and the methods were not read. A doctoral thesis, class B: examined but not journal-reviewed in this form. One arabica coffee and a laboratory roaster for the amounts; flasks in an oven at 230 degrees, with glycine as the one amino acid, for the precursors. The publication date is given to the year.

Last checked October 2026.

Roasting conditions and coffee flavor: a multi-study empirical investigation — M. Münchow, J. Alstrup, I. Steen and D. Giacalone — Beverages, 6(2), 29, 2020

Used for: eight descriptive sensory studies of arabica roasted on one small drum roaster in which roast colour, time to first crack and time after first crack were varied

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the university repository's copy: the abstract, one introduction paragraph, the study design and conclusions first; then the roasting conditions with table 2, the sensory method, the analysis, tables 4 and 5 with the results, and the limitations. Eight studies on washed coffees, seven on a one-kilogram drum roaster and one on a 15 kg roaster of another make. The pooled regression of table 5 excludes the first study and has no term for colour. The trained panel belongs to the first author's consultancy. The paper's two statements of the length of its rating line (15 cm and 10 cm) differ. No rate of rise was varied as such. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Modeling and validation of heat and mass transfer in individual coffee beans during the coffee roasting process using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) — B. Alonso-Torres, J. A. Hernández, F. Z. Sierra, S. Schenker and C. Yeretzian — Chimia, 67, 291, 2013

Used for: a simulation of heat and moisture inside a single coffee bean in a stream of hot air, compared with measurements on a single bean in a glass tube

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the journal's open PDF: the abstract, the opening paragraph and the conclusions. The equations and results figures were not read. A short conference-style paper on one bean in a laboratory tube. The publication date is given to the year.

Last checked October 2026.

Determination of thermal properties of coffee beans at different degrees of roasting — D. B. Cardoso, E. T. de Andrade, R. A. A. Calderón, M. H. S. Rabelo, C. de A. Dias and I. Á. Lemos — Coffee Science, 13(4), 2018

Used for: the specific heat, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of a mass of roasted coffee beans at several degrees of roast

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the journal's open PDF: the abstract and the numbered conclusions. Methods and tables were not read. The properties are those of a granular mass of beans, with air between them, and not of the material of a single bean. The publication date is given to the year.

Last checked October 2026.

Changes in sensory quality characteristics of coffee during storage — M. T. L. Kreuml, D. Majchrzak, B. Ploederl and J. Koenig — Food Science & Nutrition, 1(4), 267–272; University of Vienna, 2013

Used for: filter coffee brewed from roasted, vacuum-packed beans when fresh and after 9 and 18 months, profiled by ten trained assessors on thirty attributes

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text: the abstract and the conclusion. The results tables, the storage temperature and the roast were not read. Two storage times only, nine months apart, so it says nothing about the first weeks. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Influence of divalent cations on the extraction of organic acids in coffee determined by GC-MS and NMR — T. Bratthäll, J. Figueira and M. L. Nording — Heliyon, 10(5), e26625; Umeå University, 2024

Used for: citric, malic, lactic and quinic acid in coffee brewed with magnesium or calcium chloride added to the water, or added to the finished brew, at two concentrations

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text, by passage: the abstract, the comparison of salt added before and after brewing, the paragraph on the lower concentration and the limitations section. Methods and the supplementary figures were not read. Chloride salts only and no bicarbonate, which the authors name as a deliberate limit; four acids; nobody tasted the coffee. The tasting result it mentions is another author's and was not opened. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Protein–chlorogenic acid interactions: mechanisms, characteristics, and potential food applications — M. Tarahi, M. Gharagozlou, M. Niakousari and S. Hedayati — Antioxidants, 13(7), 777, 2024

Used for: a review of how chlorogenic acid binds to food proteins, including the caseins and whey proteins of milk and soy protein, and what that does to the proteins

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text, by passage: the sections on casein and on beverages. A review of laboratory studies of purified proteins, most of them not made with coffee or with milk as drunk. Its statements about absorption in the body are not used by CoffeeHQ.

Last checked October 2026.

Influence of milk on aroma release and aroma perception during consumption of coffee beverages — T. Itobe, O. Nishimura and K. Kumazawa — Food Science and Technology Research, 21(4), 607–614; Ogawa & Co., 2015

Used for: the aroma compounds breathed out through the nose by three trained panellists while drinking black coffee and coffee with milk

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the journal's open PDF as extracted text: the abstract first; then the materials, procedure and passages of the results and discussion, with the figure captions. The two-column layout garbles the tables, so the recipe of the milk coffee was not recovered. Three trained panellists for the breath measurements, each repeated seven times; 31 trained employees of the authors' company for the tasting. Drinks were taken at room temperature. The authors work for a flavour company. The publication date is given to the year.

Last checked October 2026.

Effect of milk components on release of retronasal-aroma compounds from coffee with milk — M. Akiyama, R. Watanabe, M. Ohata, M. Onishi, Y. Mizota, T. Okawa and H. Iwabuchi — Food Science and Technology Research, 22(4), 545–555; Morinaga Milk Industry and San-Ei Gen, 2016

Used for: aroma compounds released from a coffee-flavoured drink in a device that imitates swallowing and breathing out, at different contents of milk fat and of non-fat milk solids

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the journal's open PDF as extracted text: the abstract and conclusion first; then the sample preparation with its tables, the method and passages of the results. The two-column layout garbles the larger tables, which were used only where a figure was unambiguous. An instrument stands in for a drinker. Most samples were a model drink of ten compounds, at 20 to 25 degrees and buffered to pH 7; a smaller set used espresso. No tasting. The authors work for a dairy company and a flavour company. The publication date is given to the year.

Last checked October 2026.

The perception of odor objects in everyday life: a review on the processing of odor mixtures — T. Thomas-Danguin, C. Sinding, S. Romagny, F. El Mountassir, B. Atanasova, E. Le Berre, A.-M. Le Bon and G. Coureaud — Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 504, 2014

Used for: a review of how mixtures of odorants are perceived: masking, synergy, blending into a single percept, and the limit on how many components a person can pick out

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text, by passage: the paragraphs defining masking, synergy and blending, and the paragraph on how many components can be identified. A general review of smell in people and animals; coffee is not its subject. The limits it reports are other authors' experiments, not opened. One of the eight authors worked for a food company.

Last checked October 2026.

Variability of single bean coffee volatile compounds of Arabica and robusta roasted coffees analysed by SPME-GC-MS — N. Caporaso, M. B. Whitworth, C. Cui and I. D. Fisk — Food Research International, 108, 628–640, 2018

Used for: volatile compounds measured in individual coffee beans, ten from each of 25 batches from 13 countries, each roasted alone under the same conditions

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text: the highlights, the abstract and the conclusions. Beans were roasted one at a time in a fluidised bed at 210 degrees Celsius for three minutes, which is not how a batch is roasted. Nobody smelled or tasted them. The publication date is given to the year. The publication date is given to the year.

Last checked October 2026.

The occurrence of cafestol and kahweol diterpenes in different coffee brews — F. J. M. Novaes, F. C. Bayan, F. R. de Aquino Neto and C. M. Rezende — Coffee Science, 14(2), 265, 2019

Used for: a compilation of published measurements of two oil-borne compounds in boiled, filtered, espresso, moka, press and Turkish coffee

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the journal's open PDF: the abstract and one passage on how far published figures overlap between methods. Its table was not transcribed. The publication date is given to the year.

Last checked October 2026.

Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (third edition), Water-Supply Paper 2254 — J. D. Hem — United States Geological Survey, 1985

Used for: a government survey's reference text on the chemistry of natural waters: how hardness, alkalinity, pH, conductance and dissolved solids are defined, measured and reported, and how the carbonate species relate to pH

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 as the text layer of the Survey's PDF, searched and read by passage: the definition of alkalinity and the paragraphs on its titration end points, on the carbonate species that produce it and on its units; the paragraphs on how hardness came to be defined and its national degrees; the definition of specific conductance and its reference temperature; and the accuracy check relating dissolved solids to conductance. The scanned text has run-together words in places, and the book is some 260 pages of which a few were read. It is about natural waters and says nothing about coffee. Published in 1985; the definitions are standard, but its remarks on analytical practice are of that date.

Last checked October 2026.

The clean taste of coffee depends on the sodium content of its extraction water — K. Imamura — Food Science and Technology Research, 30(2), 213–221, 2024

Used for: coffee brewed with water from melted machine-made ice against other water, with sensory evaluation, analysis of ions in the coffee and a taste-sensor test of added sodium

Limits: Read in full on 2026-10-09 on the journal's open HTML page, with its tables; the abstract had been read first, and the PDF had yielded only one page as text. One author. Six trained volunteers; sensory results are counts of marks with no statistical test; the two sessions gave different marks for the same water. The sodium added was about 0.2 mg per litre. Coffee brewed with ultra-pure water did not score as the conclusion would predict. CoffeeHQ does not rely on its conclusion about sodium. Its measurement of magnesium and calcium in the brewed coffee (about 80 and 14 mg per litre whatever the water) is used, as one coffee brewed one way. The publication date is given to the year.

Last checked October 2026.

Comparison of chemical compounds and their influence on the taste of coffee depending on green beans storage conditions — M. Zarebska, N. Stanek, K. Barabosz and others — Scientific Reports, 12, 2674, 2022

Used for: a washed and a natural green coffee from two Guatemalan farms kept as 100-gram samples in jute and sealed bags at five temperatures for twelve months, with cup scores and three groups of compounds measured in the roasted coffee

Limits: Read in full on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC text, with its table of concentrations; the figures were read through their captions and the text. Used for the cup scores only. Its chemical results are not used: it reports caffeine in the roasted coffee falling by about 40 per cent over a year at every temperature while describing caffeine as thermostable, which CoffeeHQ takes as a sign of drift in the measurement. The washed and natural coffees came from different farms. Samples were 100 grams in small bags, not sacks. Five certified judges in two cuppings; the methods describe no fresh reference at each session. An earlier report from the project that produced source-blaszkiewicz-coffee-storage-2023. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Time-resolved extraction of caffeine and trigonelline from finely-ground espresso coffee with varying particle sizes and tamping pressures — M. Kuhn, S. Lang, F. Bezold, M. Minceva and H. Briesen — Journal of Food Engineering, 206, 37–47, 2017

Used for: how fast caffeine and trigonelline are extracted from espresso made on a commercial machine at different particle sizes and tamping pressures, sampled in triplicate at high time resolution, with a reduced model

Limits: ABSTRACT ONLY. The article is closed. Its abstract was read on 2026-10-09 on the Technical University of Munich's research portal (https://portal.fis.tum.de/en/publications/time-resolved-extraction-of-caffeine-and-trigonelline-from-finely/), which an earlier search of two indexes had not found. Used for one statement in the abstract's words: that particle size significantly affected the extraction kinetics and that tamping pressure 'has no detectable effect'. The tamping pressures compared, the machine, the coffee and the size of any difference are not known to CoffeeHQ. It measured two compounds, not taste. The publication date is the issue's.

Last checked October 2026.

The effect of roast development time modulations on the sensory profile and chemical composition of the coffee brew as measured by NMR and DHS-GC–MS — J. Alstrup, M. A. Petersen, F. H. Larsen and M. Münchow — Beverages, 6(4), 70, 2020

Used for: one washed Colombian coffee roasted four times on a one-kilogram drum roaster to the same colour with 90 to 390 seconds between first crack and the end, described by 46 coffee professionals and analysed chemically

Limits: Open access, but the publisher's site refused automated requests; read on 2026-10-09 from the copy of the publisher's page held by the Internet Archive: the abstract, the sample preparation and sensory method, the sensory results, the overall discussion and the conclusions. The sections on nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography, and the correlations between them and the sensory data, were not read, and the results table was read through the text. One coffee, one roast colour (Agtron 76 ± 1), four roasts. The tasters were experienced coffee professionals given a brief calibration at a trade event, not a trained panel. It measured description, not liking. The coffee and roaster were supplied by a company connected with the last author's consultancy. The same tasting is one of the eight studies in source-munchow-roasting-conditions-flavour-2020. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Accumulation of nutrients and the relation between fruit, grain, and husk of coffee robusta cultivated in Brazilian Amazon — R. Schmidt, C. A. da Silva, L. O. E. Silva and others — Plants, 12(19), 3476, 2023

Used for: nutrients accumulated in the dried fruit, seed and husk of sixteen robusta clones at one irrigated site, with the share of seed in the fruit

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the Europe PMC full text: the abstract, the results as text, the discussion of nutrient accumulation, the methods and the conclusions. Its tables of amounts per genotype did not come through and no amount is quoted. The order of nutrients it reports is stated partly by comparison with an earlier study that was not opened. One site, one harvest, sixteen clones chosen by growers and nurserymen; the plants were irrigated and fertilised, at amounts given in the paper and not repeated. It measured what the fruit holds, not yield or quality. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee bean particle motion in a rotating drum measured using Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT) — M. Al-Shemmeri, K. Windows-Yule, E. Lopez-Quiroga and P. J. Fryer — Food Research International, 163, 112253, 2023

Used for: the motion of single labelled coffee beans in a small drum roaster, tracked through the drum wall, for green, part-roasted and roasted coffee at three batch sizes and three drum speeds, with the authors' reasoning about heat transfer

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the version of record held by the University of Birmingham's repository: the abstract, the introduction, the description of the roaster and the conditions, the results across processing conditions, the section comparing heat transfer in drums and spouted beds, and the conclusions. The method sections on the tracking technique and the figures were not read; figures are known from their captions. The drum was not heated: 'characterised in a real, pilot-scale rotating drum without roasting'. Everything it says about heat is inference from where the beans were. One small roaster of 160 mm diameter with three internal vanes; five combinations of batch and speed for each of three coffees. The first author works for a coffee company, which part-funded the work. The date is the issue's, given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

The art of coffee roasting: investigations into sensor development for the application of controlling coffee roasting — C. Kelly — Doctoral thesis, University of Waikato, 2018

Used for: an engineer's attempts to find a measurable event for controlling a roast: thermocouple measurements and a thermal model of a fluidised-bed roaster he built, microwave measurement of moisture, and Raman spectrometry; with a review of roasting machines

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 in the university repository's PDF as extracted text, by passage: the abstract, the section on roasting technology, the description of temperature measurement and control in chapter 4, and that chapter's conclusions. The chapters on microwave and Raman sensing were not read. A doctoral thesis, class B. Its descriptions of roaster types are a summary of two textbooks that were not opened. Its experiments used about 67 grams of coffee in a home-built fluidised-bed roaster, so what it found about probes and 'bean load' is one small machine's behaviour. Its remarks on which roast degrees are drinkable are the author's and are not used. The date is given to the year.

Last checked October 2026.

Plant-based milk alternatives an emerging segment of functional beverages: a review — S. Sethi, S. K. Tyagi and R. K. Anurag — Journal of Food Science and Technology, 53(9), 3408–3423, 2016

Used for: a review of how plant-based drinks are made from cereals, legumes, nuts and seeds, with sections on oat, soy, almond and coconut drinks and on improving their physical stability

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 on the PubMed Central page, by passage: the definition and classification of plant-based drinks, the sections on oat, soy, almond and coconut drinks, and the section on improving product stability. The sections on off-flavours, inhibitors, shelf life, blending, fortification and labelling were not read. A review from 2016, before most products sold for use in coffee existed; it says nothing about coffee, steaming or foaming. Its composition figures are for the raw materials, each a citation of another author. It makes many statements about health benefits, none of which is used. The publication date is given to the month.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee Quality Institute Q Grader / cupping standards — Coffee Quality Institute (CQI)

Used for: sensory evaluation, cupping protocol, quality grading

Limits: Reflects one widely-used professional cupping/grading protocol among several.

National Coffee Association (USA) industry resources — National Coffee Association of USA (NCA)

Used for: US coffee industry trends, brewing habits, general education

Limits: A US trade association; US-centric framing.

Encyclopaedia Britannica coffee and coffeehouse history entries — Encyclopaedia Britannica

Used for: coffee history, early cultivation, coffeehouse culture

Limits: A tertiary reference summarising existing scholarship, not a primary historical source; useful for calibrated, well-established historical framing rather than disputed detail.

The World Atlas of Coffee — James Hoffmann

Used for: origins, processing, roasting, brewing methods, coffee culture

Limits: A single specialist author's published work; well-regarded in the specialty coffee community but represents one author's synthesis and opinion in places.

Barista Hustle technical training content — Barista Hustle

Used for: brewing technique, milk texturing, sensory training

Limits: A commercial training organisation; content reflects its own curriculum and house style.

Silvia: user manual — Rancilio Group

Used for: one maker's instructions for a single-boiler home espresso machine: purging and cleaning the steam wand, daily cleaning, weekly cleaning of the group with a blind filter disk and detergent, and which operations it reserves for a technician

Limits: The English captions of the maker's multilingual pictorial manual, read as extracted text from a retailer-hosted copy on 2026-10-09; the manual is largely pictures, so only its captions and warnings were read. It describes one machine. No descaling procedure was found in the text read.

Last checked October 2026.

Care of copper pans and tagines — Netherton Foundry

Used for: a maker's care instructions for tin-lined copper cookware: cleaning, the melting point of the lining, utensils and re-tinning

Limits: The care section was read in full. It is one maker's instructions for its own saucepans, not for coffee pots, and is used only for what holds of any tin lining on copper: that it melts at 232 °C, wears under metal utensils and abrasives, and is renewed by re-tinning. It says nothing about induction hobs.

Last checked October 2026.

Regenerative Organic Certified — Regenerative Organic Alliance

Used for: that a certification using the word regenerative exists, with producer certification and brand licensing

Limits: Only the programme's front page and navigation were read: enough to establish that the certification exists, certifies producers and licenses brands. Its criteria were not read and nothing is said about them.

Last checked October 2026.

The certified Italian cappuccino — Istituto Espresso Italiano (formerly Istituto Nazionale Espresso Italiano), 2007

Used for: the institute's own specification for a cappuccino: espresso volume, milk volume before and after steaming, and cup size

Limits: The figures of 25 ml of espresso, 100 ml of milk steamed to about 125 ml and a 150 to 160 ml cup were confirmed from reports quoting the institute; its own page could not be opened. Secondary reports differ on whether the milk figure is stated before or after steaming. The publication date is approximate. It is one trade body's certification mark, not a legal definition, and CoffeeHQ presents it as such.

Last checked October 2026.

AeroPress frequently asked questions — AeroPress, Inc.

Used for: what the maker says about storing the plunger seal, dishwasher use, materials and the inverted method

Limits: The maker's published answers, read through a page-fetching tool with the relevant answers quoted back in full. CoffeeHQ uses it for four statements: that current silicone seals do not fatigue when stored compressed, whereas earlier natural-rubber seals could; that most versions are top-rack dishwasher-safe and one premium version is hand-wash only; that the chamber and plunger are polypropylene with a silicone seal; and that the maker strongly discourages inverted brewing because of the risk of burns. It gives no replacement interval for the seal.

Last checked October 2026.

How to use the AeroPress Original — AeroPress, Inc.

Used for: the maker's own order of steps for its original brewer: assembling the cap, adding coffee and water, stirring, inserting the plunger, waiting and pressing

Limits: The maker's instruction page, read through a page-fetching tool with the steps quoted back. CoffeeHQ uses it for the order of the steps on the AeroPress page: filter in the cap and the cap on the chamber before anything is poured, a brief gentle stir, the plunger inserted a little way to stop the drip, a wait of about a minute, and gentle, steady pressure that the maker says should not be forced. It is the maker's standard recipe for one model, not the only way the brewer is used, and it does not describe inverted brewing.

Last checked October 2026.

Brikka: instructions for use — Bialetti Industrie

Used for: one maker's instructions for a stovetop pot: keeping the lid closed in use, staying with the pot, heat settings, taking it off the heat, cooling before opening, and cleaning

Limits: The English pages of the maker's multilingual booklet, read page by page from a copy hosted by a retailer. CoffeeHQ uses it for the handling steps on the moka pot pages: closing the lid during use, not leaving the pot unattended, cold water, coffee not pressed into the funnel, a flame that stays within the base or a medium setting on an electric hob, removing the pot from the heat when the coffee has finished coming through, not opening or closing it by the handle, letting it cool before opening, and washing by hand without detergent. It is the booklet for one model with a pressure valve in its column; the same maker's other pots have their own booklets, and other makers' pots differ.

Last checked October 2026.

Grinder cleaning essentials: routine care and how to prevent clogs — Baratza

Used for: how often one maker of home burr grinders suggests cleaning them, and what that cleaning consists of

Limits: An article on the maker's own site, read through a page-fetching tool with the relevant passages quoted back. CoffeeHQ uses it for one statement: that this maker suggests a routine clean every four to six weeks, brushing out the burr chamber and chute with the grinder unplugged. It is one maker's advice for its own grinders, and it says dark roasts need cleaning more often. Other makers give other intervals.

Last checked October 2026.

Chemex frequently asked questions — Chemex Corporation

Used for: what the maker says about dishwasher use, the wood collar, filter placement and filter sizes

Limits: The maker's published answers, read through a page-fetching tool with the relevant answers quoted back. CoffeeHQ uses it for: that the glass coffeemakers can go in a dishwasher once the collar and tie are removed; that the three-layer side of the filter goes against the spout so the paper does not collapse into the air channel; that the three-cup size takes a different, unfolded filter; and that the glass is borosilicate. It gives no comparative figure for filter thickness, so none is stated.

Last checked October 2026.

Toddy Cold Brew System brewing guide — Toddy, LLC

Used for: one maker's instructions for a felt-filter cold brew system: quantities, steeping, storage and filter care

Limits: The twelve-page guide (copyright 2020) was read in full as a PDF from a distributor's document store. CoffeeHQ uses it for: concentrate described as staying fresh for up to two weeks refrigerated; a felt filter used up to ten times and discarded after three months; the filter rinsed without soap and kept damp in a sealed bag in the freezer; and a stated yield well below the water added. These are one maker's instructions for one product and are statements about freshness, not food-safety limits.

Last checked October 2026.

the Grind Control instruction book (BDC650) — Breville

Used for: one maker's instructions for a filter coffee machine with a built-in grinder: the steam baffle, cleaning the burrs and grounds chute, and descaling

Limits: Read as a PDF from a retailer's document store; the care and cleaning pages were read in full and the rest searched. It is one model's booklet. It says nothing about oily beans, and other makers' machines and instructions differ, including on what to descale with.

Last checked October 2026.

the Barista Express instruction book (BES870XL) — Breville

Used for: one maker's instructions for a home espresso machine: water, descaling, unblocking the steam wand and cleaning

Limits: Read as a PDF from a retailer's document store; the passages on water, descaling and the steam wand were located by search and read in context, not the whole booklet cover to cover. CoffeeHQ uses it for three statements: that this maker does not recommend de-mineralised or distilled water; that this edition's descaling procedure specifies a mixture of white vinegar and water; and that blocked steam-wand holes are cleared with the pin on the supplied cleaning tool. It is one edition of one model's booklet, and later editions or other models from the same maker may say otherwise.

Last checked October 2026.

Descaling kit: important precautions — Nespresso

Used for: one capsule-machine maker's precautions for descaling

Limits: The product page's precautions section, read through a page-fetching tool and quoted back. CoffeeHQ uses it for one statement: that this maker says never to use vinegar because it can damage the machine. The page gives no descaling interval.

Last checked October 2026.

Water solutions for your espresso machine — La Marzocco Home

Used for: one espresso-machine maker's stated water specification for its home machines

Limits: The maker's regional support page, read through a page-fetching tool and quoted back. CoffeeHQ uses it for one statement: that water with a low mineral count, or distilled water, is not recognised by the machine's tank sensor. The page states hardness, alkalinity and chloride ranges for this maker's machines, which CoffeeHQ does not present as general targets. It says nothing about who should descale a machine, and CoffeeHQ makes no claim from it on that point.

Last checked October 2026.

Cupping Protocols and Procedures — Royal Coffee

Used for: a green-coffee importer's cupping procedure, which restates the Specialty Coffee Association's cupping parameters

Limits: A three-page procedure read in full as a PDF. It is a specialist importer's document, not the association's standard, and it attributes its figures to that standard: 8.25 g of coffee to 150 mL of water, water at 200 degrees Fahrenheit give or take two, five cups per sample, a four-minute steep before the crust is broken, and tasting spoons described as wide and relatively shallow, of four to five millilitres, in non-reactive metal. CoffeeHQ uses it as a secondary confirmation of those figures. The association's own document has not been read.

Last checked October 2026.

Rocket Espresso user manual (Giotto and Mozzafiato models) — Rocket Espresso Milano

Used for: one maker's instructions for its home boiler espresso machines, including its position on descaling and on distilled water

Limits: Read as a PDF from a retailer's document store. The extracted text is damaged by the booklet's typeface, with some letters missing, so the descaling and water passages were located by search and read in context and the rest was not read. CoffeeHQ uses it for two statements: that this maker does not recommend descaling its machines, giving corrosion by aggressive chemicals and the difficulty of rinsing them out as its reasons, and that it says not to use distilled water because it may lack the conductivity the machine's electronics need. The wording is 'do not recommend', which CoffeeHQ does not strengthen to a prohibition. It is one maker's booklet for certain models.

Last checked October 2026.

The Faema E61 Espresso Machine — Jonathan Morris — American Historical Association, Perspectives on History, 2021

Used for: a historian's short account of the 1961 pump machine and what it changed

Limits: An article by a historian of coffee in a professional association's magazine, read through a page-fetching tool with the dated sentences quoted back. CoffeeHQ uses it for: machines called espresso machines first manufactured in Milan in 1905; the 1961 machine as the first commercially successful semi-automatic; and its electric pump delivering a constant nine bars, described as now the standard for Italian espresso. It is a magazine article, not a monograph, and gives no detail on lever machines.

Last checked October 2026.

Disciplinare Caffè Espresso Italiano Tradizionale — Consorzio di tutela del caffè espresso italiano tradizionale, 2018

Used for: an Italian trade consortium's 2018 specification for traditional espresso

Limits: A four-page specification in Italian, read in full as a PDF. Its table sets extraction pressure at 8 bar or more, extraction temperature between 90 and 96 degrees Celsius, 7 to 9 grams of coffee and 13 to 26 grams in the cup. CoffeeHQ uses it to show that the familiar espresso figures are conventions written down by trade bodies and that those bodies' figures differ; it is one consortium's document and not an international standard.

Last checked October 2026.

Moka Express: instructions for use — Bialetti Industrie, 2021

Used for: how one manufacturer says its aluminium stovetop pot should be filled, heated, opened, cleaned, descaled and maintained

Limits: The English column of the printed instruction sheet (edition 01/2021) was read in full. It is one manufacturer's instructions for one aluminium product, and CoffeeHQ uses it only for statements attributed to that maker: water to the lower edge of the valve, coffee not pressed, a gas flame kept within the base, cooling before opening, not opening by the handle, hand-washing with no detergent or dishwasher, a yearly gasket, moving the valve piston when washing, and descaling with citric acid or vinegar. It says nothing about stainless steel or electric pots or about other makers' products.

Last checked October 2026.

What is the Vietnamese phin filter; Phin filter not dripping; Using and maintaining a phin filter — Nguyen Coffee Supply

Used for: how one maker and seller of phin filters describes the filter's parts, its two kinds of press, its metals, the grind it recommends, drip times and the causes of a stalled filter

Limits: Three articles on one company's site, downloaded and read by passage. It is a seller's guidance for its own filters and coffee, not a standard: its grind advice is finer than most other descriptions of phin brewing, and CoffeeHQ reports the difference instead of choosing a side.

Last checked October 2026.

Cafiza espresso machine cleaning powder; Dezcal descaling powder (product descriptions) — Urnex Brands

Used for: what one maker of coffee-equipment cleaning products says its detergent removes and what its descaler removes

Limits: Two product pages read through a page-fetching tool, plus the maker's safety data sheet for its detergent tablets (revision of 15 June 2022) and its ingredient sheet for the descaler, both downloaded and read as extracted text. CoffeeHQ uses them for one distinction only: the detergent is sold to remove coffee residue and oils and is alkaline (the data sheet gives a pH of about 10 in solution), and the descaler is sold to remove mineral scale and lists citric and sulfamic acids as its cleaning agents. One maker's products; CoffeeHQ recommends none.

Last checked October 2026.

About gluten — Coeliac UK

Used for: which cereals contain gluten

Limits: A patient charity's information page, read through a page-fetching tool. It names wheat, barley and rye and does not mention coffee substitutes; applying it to cereal-based substitutes is CoffeeHQ's reading. It is not dietary advice from CoffeeHQ.

Last checked October 2026.

Induction compatible cookware — Whirlpool Corporation

Used for: which cookware materials one hob manufacturer says do and do not work on its induction cooktops, and the magnet test

Limits: A product-help page from one maker of induction hobs, read through a page-fetching tool with the relevant sentences quoted back. CoffeeHQ uses it for one statement: that copper is not ferromagnetic and will not heat on an induction hob by itself. It is not a coffee source and says nothing about coffee pots or adapter plates.

Last checked October 2026.

French Press coffee maker: instructions for use and safety instructions — Bodum, 2003

Used for: one maker's instructions for its glass French presses: grind, filling, stirring, plunging, what to do when the filter clogs, glass inspection, stove-top use and dishwasher suitability

Limits: The English column of the maker's multilingual instruction sheet, read in full as hosted by a retailer; the sheet is dated 2003 in its print margin and the maker's current sheet was not found. It applies to that maker's glass models. Steel and other makers' presses have their own instructions.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee Syphon instruction manual (TCAR) — Hario Co., Ltd.

Used for: how one manufacturer says its tabletop glass siphon should be heated, handled, separated after brewing and cleaned

Limits: The English text of the eight-page manual was read in full. It is one manufacturer's instructions for one family of tabletop brewers. CoffeeHQ uses it for the handling steps on the siphon page: checking for cracks, drying the outside of the lower bowl, not overheating a nearly empty bowl, keeping hands and face away while heating, not forcing the upper bowl, removing it by rocking after the coffee has drawn down, protecting hot glass from wet or cold surfaces, and the cautions for an alcohol lamp. It does not cover stovetop or electric siphons.

Last checked October 2026.

COE History — Alliance for Coffee Excellence

Used for: the founding of the Cup of Excellence competition and auction in Brazil in 1999

Limits: The organisation's own account of its origins, read on its website. Primary for the date, the place and who took part; its description of the programme's effect is its own.

Last checked October 2026.

The 2024 Specialty Coffee Transaction Guide Is Here — Daily Coffee News by Roast Magazine, 2025

Used for: a trade report of the 2024 edition of the transaction guide: how many companies gave contracts, and the median prices free on board it reports for two quality bands

Limits: A trade news report, read through a page-fetching tool that returned quotations. The guide itself was not opened: its site returned no document. Every figure taken from here is given as reported, at second hand.

Last checked October 2026.

Cup of Excellence results pages: Nicaragua 2002, Mexico 2012 and Peru 2017 — Alliance for Coffee Excellence

Used for: that a Cup of Excellence competition and auction was held in Nicaragua in 2002, in Mexico in 2012 and in Peru in 2017, and where some winning farms were

Limits: Three results pages on the organiser's website. First read through a page-fetching tool that summarised them; each page was then downloaded and its text read directly. Primary for the fact that each competition took place and for the places it lists. The Peru page calls 2017 a new programme; none of the pages says whether the competition named was the country's first, and CoffeeHQ does not say so. Scores, prices and winners are not used.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee bean acoustics (press release on P. S. Wilson, Coffee roasting acoustics, JASA Express Letters 135) — Acoustical Society of America, 2014

Used for: how the sounds of first and second crack differ, as a measurement

Limits: The society's own press release about the paper, read in full, together with the paper's abstract as indexed by Europe PMC. The paper itself returned an access error and was not read, so no figure from it is used: only the three differences the abstract states (first crack has the higher amplitude and more low-frequency energy; second crack comes at a higher rate) and the release's comparison of the two sounds to popcorn and to a puffed-rice breakfast cereal. One researcher, and by the release's account an unfunded project.

Last checked October 2026.

Hottop Coffee Roaster: instruction manual — Chang Yue Industrial Corp. (Hottop)

Used for: one maker's safety precautions for a home drum roaster: supervision, smoke and ventilation, chaff, over-roasting, and what to do if the beans ignite

Limits: A copy of the manual hosted by a retailer; the warning page and the section headed Important Safety Precautions were read in full, and the rest searched. One maker's instructions for its own machine. Its advice to keep a water spray bottle for beans that ignite on ejection is specific to this machine and is the opposite of another maker's instruction, which CoffeeHQ reports beside it.

Last checked October 2026.

Behmor 2000AB Plus: operation manual (version 20, June 2020) — Behmor Inc., 2020

Used for: one maker's safeguards for a home drum roaster: supervision, clearance, extension cords, batch size, how far into second crack it may be taken, and what to do in a bean fire

Limits: A copy of the manual hosted by a retailer. The numbered safeguards, the definitions of first and second crack and the reminders about roasting were read in full; the rest was searched. One maker's instructions for one machine. It says the machine is not for outdoor use and that water must never be used on it, both of which differ from other makers' instructions for their machines.

Last checked October 2026.

Bullet R1: user manual — Aillio

Used for: one maker's safety instructions for a 1 kg electric drum roaster: supervision through preheating, roasting and the start of cooling, smoke venting and chaff

Limits: A copy of the manual hosted by a retailer. The numbered safety instructions and the set-up section on smoke and chaff were read; the rest was searched. One maker's instructions for one machine.

Last checked October 2026.

Important safeguards (sample and production roasters) — ROEST Coffee

Used for: one maker's safety instructions for its electric sample and production roasters: supervision until two minutes into cooling, venting of fumes, emptying the chaff drawer, indoor use only

Limits: Read through a page-fetching tool, which returned the quoted safeguards. Professional sample roasters, not home machines; the page gives no instruction for what to do if beans catch fire.

Last checked October 2026.

2026 Rules and Regulations of the World Barista Championship, World Brewers Cup, World Cup Tasters Championship, World Latte Art Championship, World Coffee in Good Spirits Championship and World Coffee Roasting Championship — World Coffee Championships (Specialty Coffee Association), 2026

Used for: the format, timing, rounds and judging structure of the six world championships, and the Barista Championship's definitions of its drinks and machine settings

Limits: Six rulebooks downloaded as PDFs and read as extracted text: in each, the competition summary, the round structure and the timings; for the Barista Championship also the beverage definitions and the total-score rule; for the Roasting Championship also the roast-plan and evaluation passages. The scoresheets, the penalties and most of the technical standards were not read. Rules are revised every year and the publication date is approximate; national competitions follow them with local variations that were not read.

Last checked October 2026.

Cup of Excellence Rules and Protocols — Alliance for Coffee Excellence

Used for: the stages of a Cup of Excellence competition: who cups at each, the scores needed to advance, the bonded warehouse and the auction

Limits: Read in full as a page. It is the organiser's own account of its competition and was not checked against any one country's competition. The page gives no date and no minimum lot size, states the auction mark both as 87 or more and as over 87, and carries a notice that the protocols were altered during the pandemic.

Last checked October 2026.

Encore: operations manual — Baratza

Used for: one maker's instructions for a home burr grinder: unplugging before cleaning, washing the hopper and bin by hand, not washing the burrs with water, and cleaning the burrs with tablets or a stiff brush

Limits: Read as a PDF from a retailer's document store, copyright 2013; the safety and care-and-cleaning passages were located by search and read in context, not the whole booklet. CoffeeHQ uses it for statements attributed to one maker: that the grinder is unplugged before cleaning, that the burrs are not to be washed with water, and that it advises cleaning them every few months with tablets or a stiff brush. It describes one electric grinder and says nothing about hand grinders or about finding a zero point after reassembly.

Last checked October 2026.

The DR Congo and Coffee: presentation to the 4th African Coffee Symposium, Yaoundé — Kambale Kisumba Kamungele — Association des Exportateurs du Cacao et Café de la R.D. Congo, for the Inter-African Coffee Organisation, 2016

Used for: the Congolese coffee office's figures for production in 2012 and exports in 2015 by species, the two marketing channels, the sector's constraints, and the cut in export tax in October 2015

Limits: Twelve slides by an exporter speaking for the exporters' association, read in full as extracted text from an archived copy. The figures are credited on the slides to the national coffee office and to the International Trade Centre; neither body's document was opened. Its two species figures for 2015 add up to 39 tonnes more than the total it prints. Its charts are images and were not read.

Last checked October 2026.

Magnifica S: Descaling and Cleaning (ECAM 22.110) — De'Longhi

Used for: one maker's instructions for descaling a bean-to-cup espresso machine: the panel light that signals when to descale, and the maker's requirement to use its own descaler

Limits: The maker's support page for one model, read in full as page text; its videos were not watched and the printed instruction booklet was not opened. It says nothing about water-hardness settings, and other makers' machines and instructions differ.

Last checked October 2026.

Bolivia 2004 (Cup of Excellence country programme pages) — Alliance for Coffee Excellence

Used for: the organiser's results page for the 2004 Cup of Excellence in Bolivia, and its menu of the years in which the competition was held there

Limits: One page read: the 2004 results, whose first rows all give Caranavi, La Paz as the region and name cooperatives as the entrants. The years 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2009 are the links in the page's country menu; the other four pages were not opened, and the menu's silence about other years is not evidence that no competition was held. A competition organiser's own record: scores and auction results are not a description of the country's coffee and are not used as one.

Last checked October 2026.

Bolivia Coffee Production Declines, Coca Cultivation Goes Up — InSight Crime, 2013

Used for: a news brief reporting the secretary general of Bolivia's federation of coffee growers and exporters saying that exports had fallen and that growers were turning to coca

Limits: A short news brief, read in full, by an organisation that reports on organised crime. It relays one official's statement from news agencies CoffeeHQ did not open, and adds its own inference that falling coffee profits were 'probably' feeding coca. It gives no data on land moving from one crop to the other. CoffeeHQ cites it only for the fact that the federation's officer said this in 2013, and read no survey of coca and coffee in the Yungas.

Last checked October 2026.

Advisory body evaluation No 1008: Archaeological Landscape of the First Coffee Plantations in the South-East of Cuba — International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), for the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, 2000

Used for: the nineteenth-century coffee plantations of the Sierra Maestra foothills: who founded them and with whose labour, what a plantation consisted of, how many remains were identified and in what condition, their legal protection, and the recommendation to inscribe them on the World Heritage List

Limits: Read in full in English (pages 73 to 76 of the evaluation volume; the French text that follows repeats it). It is the advisory body's evaluation, written from the Cuban nomination dossier and a mission in October 1999; the dossier itself was not read. The figure of 171 plantations and the condition shares are the State Party's. It dates the planters' flight to the uprisings from 1790 and gives no number of planters or of enslaved people. UNESCO's own page for the property returned an error on 2026-10-09; the inscription decision was read at the second reading in the Committee's report of its twenty-fourth session, which is registered separately.

Last checked October 2026.

2026 World Barista Championship: Official Rules and Regulations — World Coffee Championships (Specialty Coffee Association), 2026

Used for: the rules of one international barista competition; used only for rule 3.1, which defines coffee and the 'green coffee' stage and prohibits additives after it

Limits: Downloaded from the organiser's site on 2026-10-09 and read as extracted text: rule 3.1, paragraphs A to D, in full, and the table of contents. The rest of the document was searched for 'additive', 'infus' and 'co-ferment' and not otherwise read. The publication date is given to the year only. A competition's rule for its own event: it is not a food standard, it binds nobody else, and it changes from year to year. The inference that an addition made before the green coffee stage is not excluded by this rule is CoffeeHQ's reading of the wording.

Last checked October 2026.

Comparison of time constant vs. overall outside diameter of bare thermocouple wires or grounded junction thermocouples in air (technical reference Z-51) — Omega Engineering — Omega Engineering

Used for: a thermocouple maker's reference chart of how quickly thermocouples of different wire or sheath diameter respond to a change in temperature in moving air, with its definition of time constant

Limits: Read on 2026-10-09 as the text layer of the maker's one-page PDF: the definition of time constant, the conditions the chart was calculated for (air at room temperature moving at 65 feet per second), the note that beaded and ungrounded junctions are slower by a factor of 1.5, and the note that the times are approximate and for comparison only. The chart's curves are an image and were not read, so no time for a particular diameter is quoted. It is a maker's reference sheet and carries no date. It says nothing about probes in a bed of coffee beans.

Last checked October 2026.

the Barista Express user guide (BES875 / SES875), UK edition — Sage Appliances

Used for: one maker's instructions for a home espresso machine with a built-in grinder: components, first use, baskets, grinding, dosing, shot buttons, programming, steam, water temperature, the water filter, the cleaning cycle, descaling, the grinder, the shower-screen seal and troubleshooting

Limits: The English part of the maker's own PDF, read in full as extracted text on 2026-10-10. It is the UK edition for one model. CoffeeHQ uses it for how this machine's controls behave and for what the maker says about cleaning, descaling, the water filter and the parts it supplies. Its extraction guide gives flow times, a shot time, a tamping force and dose ranges, which CoffeeHQ reports as the maker's guide for this machine and does not present as targets. The drawings were not readable as text, so nothing rests on them. Other regions' editions differ, including in what is in the box.

Last checked October 2026.

the Barista Express instruction book (BES875), Australia and New Zealand edition — Breville

Used for: the same maker's instructions for the same machine under its other brand name, including its description of the zones of the pressure gauge

Limits: The maker's own PDF, searched as extracted text on 2026-10-10 and read in context for the passages on the pressure gauge by the author; a second reader then read the functions, care and troubleshooting text. CoffeeHQ uses it for how the maker describes the gauge's lower, middle and upper zones, and for where this edition differs from the UK guide for the same machine: a suggested starting grind setting of 5, a water filter changed every two months, and a CLEAN / DESCALE light that flashes for cleaning and stays lit for descaling. The gauge description treats a needle position as a verdict on the shot, which CoffeeHQ reports as the maker's wording and does not adopt.

Last checked October 2026.

the Barista Pro instruction book (BES878) — Breville

Used for: one maker's instructions for a home espresso machine with a built-in grinder and a display: components, the first-use cycle, baskets, grind settings, dosing, shot programming, shot temperature, steam, the cleaning cycle, descaling and cleaning the grinder

Limits: Read as extracted text from a PDF in a retailer's document store on 2026-10-10: components, assembly, functions, care and the first page of troubleshooting. The display's icons do not survive extraction, so the menu's layout is described only as far as the words allow. CoffeeHQ uses it for how this model differs from the Barista Express: a display, thirty grind settings, a heating system the maker says reaches temperature in three seconds, menu-driven cleaning and descaling, and its own basket figures, which differ from the Barista Express booklet's. One edition of one model's booklet.

Last checked October 2026.

the Barista Express Impress instruction book (BES876), Australia and New Zealand edition — Breville

Used for: one maker's instructions for a home espresso machine with assisted dosing and tamping: components, first use, baskets, the dose-level indicator, automatic and manual dosing, the tamp lever, shot buttons, programming, steam, cleaning and descaling

Limits: The maker's own PDF, read as extracted text on 2026-10-10: features, components, assembly, functions and care. CoffeeHQ uses it for what the assisted system does and does not do: a lever that tamps with the same force each time, a dose-level indicator, a grind time the machine corrects after each tamp, and the maker's note that a change of grind size changes the dose. It is the booklet for one region.

Last checked October 2026.

the Barista Touch instruction book (BES880) — Breville

Used for: one maker's instructions for a home espresso machine with a touch screen and automatic milk texturing: first use, the drinks menu, grinding, brew settings, the milk sensor, manual modes, saving a drink, settings, cleaning and descaling

Limits: The English part, read as extracted text from a PDF in a retailer's document store on 2026-10-10. The screen images do not survive extraction. CoffeeHQ uses it for what the screen controls and what it does not: grind size is set on a dial and not on the screen, a drink sets a grind duration, a brew time and a milk temperature and froth level, each can be changed and saved, and manual modes exist for extraction and for milk. Its basket figures differ from the other booklets'. One edition of one model's booklet.

Last checked October 2026.

the Barista Touch Impress instruction book (BES881), Australia and New Zealand edition — Breville

Used for: one maker's instructions for a home espresso machine with a touch screen, assisted dosing and tamping and automatic milk texturing

Limits: The maker's own PDF, read as extracted text on 2026-10-10: features, components, assembly, functions and the start of care. CoffeeHQ uses it for what this model adds to the Barista Touch: the tamp lever and on-screen dose guidance, milk settings by type of milk, and a setting that turns the dose measurement on or off. The booklet's sentence on which way the grind dial turns disagrees with the Express Impress booklet's, so CoffeeHQ states only that a smaller number is finer.

Last checked October 2026.

the Bambino instruction book (BES450) — Breville

Used for: one maker's instructions for a compact home espresso machine with no grinder: components, first use, baskets, dose and tamping, shot buttons, programming, manual steam, hot water, the clean and descale cycle and troubleshooting

Limits: The English part, read as extracted text from a PDF in a retailer's document store on 2026-10-10. It is the North American edition, which lists dual wall baskets only and an aluminium portafilter that must not go in a dishwasher; other regions' boxes differ. CoffeeHQ uses it for this model's controls and care, and for the maker's own statement that the dose and grind must be controlled by the user.

Last checked October 2026.

the Bambino Plus instruction book (BES500) — Breville

Used for: one maker's instructions for a compact home espresso machine with automatic milk texturing and no grinder

Limits: The English part, read as extracted text from a PDF in a retailer's document store on 2026-10-10. The North American edition, which lists dual wall baskets only. CoffeeHQ uses it for what differs from the Bambino: milk temperature and foam settings with a sensor under the jug, an automatic purge of the wand, a cleaning cycle the machine asks for after two hundred extractions, and a separate descale alert.

Last checked October 2026.

V60: the series page — HARIO Co., Ltd.

Used for: the maker's own account of what the cone, the single opening and the spiral ribs of its dripper are for, and its basic brewing steps

Limits: The maker's international page, read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-10 with the passages quoted back. CoffeeHQ uses it for: the sixty-degree cone the name comes from; the maker's statements of what the single large opening and the ribs are for; and its basic method, which folds the seam of the paper, rinses the filter with hot water, wets the grounds, waits about thirty seconds and pours the rest in parts in a spiral without pouring onto the paper. Its sentence that brewing should be within three minutes is reported as the maker's guide and not used as a target. The page gives no dose in grams, no sizes and no care instructions.

Last checked October 2026.

My seal no longer forms a tight seal with the chamber. What happened? — AeroPress, Inc.

Used for: the maker's help article on why a plunger seal loses its fit, how to store the plunger and a short-term remedy

Limits: The maker's help article, read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-10, which returned a close paraphrase with two phrases quoted. CoffeeHQ uses it for: that a seal left inside the chamber is held compressed and can become too small to seal; that the maker advises ejecting the coffee after pressing and storing the plunger pushed right through or out of the chamber; a short-term remedy with hot water; and its statement that with care a new seal should last at least three years. It gives no replacement interval. It differs from the same maker's general answers page, which says current silicone seals do not fatigue when stored compressed; CoffeeHQ reports both.

Last checked October 2026.

I have heard of people using an inverted method. Why do they use it? — AeroPress, Inc.

Used for: the maker's help article on why some people brew inverted, why the maker discourages it and what it suggests instead

Limits: The maker's help article, read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-10 with its key phrases quoted back. CoffeeHQ uses it for: the reasons people give for inverting (no early drip-through, control of longer steeps, coarser grinds); that the maker strongly discourages it as less stable and a burn risk; and its alternatives, which are to insert the plunger a little way to stop the drip or to use its flow-control cap, which it says does not fit the XL.

Last checked October 2026.

Classic Series: product support — Chemex Corporation

Used for: the maker's own brewing steps and care instructions for its classic glass coffeemakers

Limits: The maker's support page, read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-10 with each instruction quoted back. CoffeeHQ uses it for: the filter opened into a cone with three layers on one side and that thick side placed over the pouring spout; a medium-coarse grind; one rounded tablespoon of coffee for each five-ounce cup; water brought to the boil and taken off the heat before pouring; a first pour to wet the grounds and a wait of about thirty seconds; keeping the water level below the top; removing the collar and tie before washing; dishwasher use once they are removed, with the carafe secured; and that nothing it makes should be reheated in a microwave. The page does not say why the thick side goes over the spout; the reason is on the same maker's answers page. It lists six filter types and gives no dimensions.

Last checked October 2026.

Wave series: product family page — Kalita Co., Ltd.

Used for: the maker's own description of what the Wave filter, the flat Wave Zone and the three holes of its dripper are for

Limits: The maker's Japanese page, read on 2026-10-10 both through a page-fetching tool and as downloaded text, with CoffeeHQ's own translation. Used for three statements of design intent: that the Wave filter touches the dripper over a small area, so water does not sit in one place; that the flat-bottomed Wave Zone lets the grounds wet evenly even when the pour is uneven; and that with three holes the coffee does not stay long in the filter. The page also says that fewer off-flavours are extracted and that only what tastes good drips through. That is the maker's claim about taste and CoffeeHQ reports it as a claim. The page gives no recipe, no dose and no times.

Last checked October 2026.

Wave Dripper 155 S and Wave Dripper 185 S: product pages — Kalita Co., Ltd.

Used for: which filter each of the two stainless steel Wave drippers takes and how many people the maker says each is for

Limits: Two product pages on the maker's Japanese site (the 185 S is at /products/waveseries/3633), downloaded and read as text on 2026-10-10, in CoffeeHQ's translation. The 155 S page says it is for the Wave filter 155 only, for one to two people, and is stainless steel; the 185 S page says it is for the Wave filter 185 only, for two to four people, and is stainless steel. The pages give weights and box sizes and no capacity in millilitres, no dose and no method. Glass and ceramic versions have their own pages, which were not read.

Last checked October 2026.

Support: frequently asked questions and handling cautions — Kalita Co., Ltd.

Used for: the maker's handling cautions for its filters, drippers and heat-resistant glass

Limits: The maker's Japanese support page, downloaded and read as text on 2026-10-10, in CoffeeHQ's translation. Used for: that lifting a used paper by pinching it risks the bottom giving way, so the maker asks users not to; that a Wave dripper should be used with the dedicated Wave filter; that heat-resistant glass is not toughened glass and can break if knocked or dropped; and that glass should be washed with a soft sponge and washing-up liquid and never with abrasive pads, metal scourers or coarse cleanser; and that such glass is not to be heated over a flame or in an oven, heated empty, topped up with cold water while hot, touched with a wet cloth or stood on a wet surface while hot. The glass cautions are filed under the maker's servers and decanters, not its drippers, and the page says so. The page covers the maker's whole range; only these lines were used. A second reader fetched the page again on 2026-10-10 and checked the translation.

Last checked October 2026.

User manual: KBG Select and other household models with a glass or a thermos jug — Technivorm Moccamaster

Used for: one maker's instructions for its household filter coffee machines: parts, first use, the half-jug and full-jug selector, the hotplate and the thermos jug, descaling, cleaning, safety and troubleshooting

Limits: The English part of the maker's multilingual PDF, read in full as extracted text on 2026-10-10. It covers the KBG Select and, in the same booklet, the models with a thermos jug including the KBGT; the parts lists distinguish 'coffee makers with a glass jug' from 'coffee makers with a thermos jug' and the page does the same. CoffeeHQ uses it for how these machines are set up and used, for the maker's own descaling and cleaning intervals, which are reported as this maker's and for these machines, and for its safety instructions and troubleshooting table. Its statement of a dose of 60 g per litre is reported as the standard the maker cites. The figures were read from text; the drawings on its second and third pages were not readable.

Last checked October 2026.

Cup-One: user manual (Dutch edition) — Technivorm Moccamaster

Used for: one maker's instructions for its one-cup filter machine: parts, use, cleaning and descaling

Limits: The manual the maker's support page links for the Cup-One: a scanned, Dutch-language booklet of twelve pages with no text layer. Seven pages (2, 3, 5 to 9) were read as page images by the second reader on 2026-10-10, in that reader's own translation; the author of the page did not read it. Used for: No. 1 paper filters only; a mug of at least 300 ml; the outlet of the filter holder kept clear with the brush supplied; brewing in about four minutes; switch-off once the water has run through; descaling every 80 cycles or at least every three months; and cleaning the inside every two weeks in daily use. It is an older edition, citing directives of 2006, and a current machine's booklet may differ. It also allows household vinegar for descaling, which the page does not repeat.

Last checked October 2026.

Filter-in Coffee Bottle: instruction manual (FIC-70) — HARIO Co., Ltd.

Used for: one maker's instructions for a glass bottle with a strainer in its spout, for brewing coffee in cold water

Limits: The maker's two-page leaflet, which has no text layer; its first page was rendered as an image and read on 2026-10-10, in its English wording. Used for the maker's method: 55 g of dark-roast, medium-fine coffee in the strainer; the upper and lower strainer parts fitted together at both inserts; water poured gently to about 700 ml with the stopper out; the stopper fitted and the bottle gently shaken; eight hours in the refrigerator; a gentle shake before pouring. And for its advice: water with little chlorine smell, soft water if bottled, no boiling if it is warmed, kept in the refrigerator and finished within two to three days, drunk as soon as possible. Those are one maker's instructions for one product; the two to three days is its statement about flavour and is not a food-safety limit. The second page, with the handling cautions and product care in Japanese and English, was read as an image by a second reader on 2026-10-10 and is used for: not carrying the bottle by its silicone spout or stopper; letting hot contents cool before carrying; no freezer with liquid inside; not using cracked, chipped or badly scratched glass; no metal spoon against the glass; not pressing on the mesh; keeping it from young children; and washing with a soft sponge and mild detergent, with a dishwasher and diluted bleach allowed.

Last checked October 2026.

the Oracle instruction book (BES980 / SES980), UK edition — Sage Appliances

Used for: one maker's instructions for a dual-boiler home espresso machine that grinds, doses and tamps automatically: first use, water hardness, grind size, baskets, shot buttons, milk, the menu, advanced features, alerts, cleaning and descaling

Limits: The English part of the maker's own PDF, extracted as text on 2026-10-10. The operating pages, programmable functions, advanced features, alerts and tips were read in full; the care and descaling pages were searched by passage. CoffeeHQ uses it for how this model's controls behave. The booklet's extraction guide judges a shot by its duration and CoffeeHQ reports that as the maker's guide. Drawings were not readable. One region's edition of one model.

Last checked October 2026.

the Oracle Touch instruction book (BES990 / SES990), UK edition — Sage Appliances

Used for: one maker's instructions for the touch-screen version of the same machine

Limits: The maker's own PDF, extracted as text on 2026-10-10 and read by passage from the features list to the settings. Used for what the screen sets and what it does not: the grind size is set on a dial and not on the screen; brew settings are single, double or custom durations; milk is automatic with a manual mode; drinks can be created and saved; cleaning and descaling are prompted. Whether the maker still sells the model could not be confirmed: its UK product pages did not load for the author or for the second reader, and the page makes no statement about it. Screen images do not survive extraction.

Last checked October 2026.

the Oracle Jet instruction book (BES985), North American edition — Breville

Used for: one maker's instructions for a touch-screen espresso machine with automatic grinding, dosing and tamping, a rapid heating system, automatic milk and cold coffee modes

Limits: The maker's own PDF, extracted as text on 2026-10-10 and read by passage: features, assembly, guides and settings, care and troubleshooting. This is a quick-reference booklet; much of this machine's instruction is on its screen and was not seen. Used for: the heating system the maker names, which is not a pair of boilers; 22 g dosed into a 58 mm portafilter; milk settings for dairy, soy, almond and oat with a temperature range and eight texture levels; a guidance feature that recommends grind changes; time or volume for the brew; cold brew and cold espresso modes; Wi-Fi for software updates, with the machine usable without it; and the care prompts. The UK edition was not read. The booklet's descriptions of how the cold drinks taste are the maker's.

Last checked October 2026.

the Oracle Dual Boiler instruction book (BES995), Australia and New Zealand edition — Breville

Used for: one maker's instructions for a dual-boiler touch-screen espresso machine with automatic grinding, dosing and tamping and a motorised grind adjustment

Limits: The maker's own PDF, extracted as text on 2026-10-10 and read by passage: features, set-up, settings, care and troubleshooting. Used for: two boilers and a heated group head; a grind size set on the touch screen and adjusted by a motor; a feature that changes the grind size by itself after a shot it judges not ideal, which can be switched off; a manual mode with an on-screen pressure reading and control of pre-infusion; volume or time for the brew; milk settings with nine texture levels; pairing with the maker's app, with the machine usable without Wi-Fi; and the care prompts, including a cycle to empty the boilers. The UK edition was not read, and much of the instruction is on the machine's screen.

Last checked October 2026.

Perfect Daily Grind industry journalism — Perfect Daily Grind

Used for: industry trends, producer interviews, general coffee education

Limits: Trade journalism, not peer-reviewed; useful for context and current practice, not for precise technical claims.

Sprudge coffee industry journalism — Sprudge Media Network

Used for: coffee culture, regional preparation traditions, café and industry reporting

Limits: Trade journalism, not peer-reviewed research: individual articles vary in depth and are usually built on interviews rather than measurement. Useful for establishing that a practice exists and how practitioners describe it; not a source for quantitative claims.

Atlas Obscura and Gastro Obscura food and drink documentation — Atlas Obscura

Used for: regional food and drink traditions, local preparation practices

Limits: Popular documentation of local practice. Strong on the existence, location and social setting of a tradition; weaker on origin dating, which is frequently repeated from earlier popular sources rather than independently established.

International news reporting on food and drink culture — Major international news organisations (e.g. CNN, BBC, Reuters)

Used for: contemporary food and drink trends, named originators, dated events

Limits: Useful for recent, datable events with named people — a café opening, an invention with a living originator — which academic sources rarely cover. Weak on anything historical, and single reports are frequently recycled across outlets without independent verification, so agreement between outlets is not corroboration.

National-language food, culture and lifestyle media — National and regional outlets publishing in Arabic, French, Persian, Swahili, Russian, Georgian and other local languages

Used for: domestic food and drink practice as described from inside the culture that practises it

Limits: General-interest journalism and recipe media rather than scholarship, and frequently undated and unattributed. Its value is specific and limited: it establishes that a named practice exists, what practitioners call it in their own language, and roughly what goes into it. It is not a source for origin dating, for proportions treated as canonical, or for any claim that one country's version came first. Machine translation was used to read it, so terminology that carries cultural weight was corroborated against a second source in the same language before being published.

Diaspora and community cultural documentation — University oral-history projects, community organisations and diaspora food writing

Used for: traditions as practised and described by the communities that hold them, including in emigration

Limits: Often the only documentation that exists for a practice, and genuinely authoritative about how a community describes itself — which is not the same as being authoritative about history. Individual accounts describe one family or one region and are routinely generalised into national claims by later writers; CoffeeHQ treats them as evidence of practice, never of national ownership, and states where a detail rests on a single account.

Baratza Encore: cleaning your grinder — Clive Coffee (retailer support article), 2026

Used for: cleaning a home burr grinder dry, and the instruction not to wash its burrs

Limits: Read in full. A retailer's support article for one grinder, not the maker's own manual, which could not be opened. It supports the instruction to brush burrs and not wash them with water because they rust; it is evidence about one model's steel burrs.

Last checked October 2026.

All About Coffee — William H. Ukers — The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Company, New York, 1922

Used for: the documentary history of coffee to 1922: early Arabic accounts, the spread through the Ottoman world and Europe, colonial plantings, coffeehouses and brewing apparatus

Limits: Read in the Project Gutenberg text. A trade journalist's compilation, a century old: it reports dates and names from earlier writers, sometimes uncritically, and its outlook on empire and on the people who grew coffee is of its time. CoffeeHQ uses it for chronology and for what earlier sources said, marks legend as legend where Ukers himself does, and does not use it for anything after 1922 or for judgements about people or cultures.

Last checked October 2026.

Hario Woodneck Drip Pot, product page — Hario UK

Used for: how the UK seller of one flannel drip pot says its cloth filter should be stored between uses

Limits: A product page on the brand's UK retail site, read through a page-fetching tool with the care sentences quoted back. CoffeeHQ uses it for one statement: that the cloth of this flannel drip pot should never be allowed to dry out, and is washed and kept in a bag in the fridge. It is a seller's page and not the printed instructions, which were not found; it says nothing about preparing a new cloth, detergent or when to replace it.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee C Futures and Robusta Coffee Futures, contract specifications — Intercontinental Exchange (ICE)

Used for: the two exchange contracts against which arabica and robusta are priced

Limits: The exchange's own product pages for the two contracts, read through a page-fetching tool and quoted back. CoffeeHQ uses them for: that the Coffee C contract is described as the world benchmark for arabica and trades on ICE Futures U.S.; that its size is 37,500 pounds; and that the robusta contract is described as the global benchmark for physical robusta and trades on ICE Futures Europe. The pages do not use the words New York or London; those are where the two exchanges are based. Prices are not taken from here.

Last checked October 2026.

Gaggia history — Gaggia Milano

Used for: the maker's own account of Achille Gaggia's patents and the lever machine

Limits: The manufacturer's timeline page, read through a page-fetching tool and quoted back, year by year; its shorter history page was read the same way and agrees on 1938 and 1947. CoffeeHQ uses it for the dates the company gives: a patent numbered 365726 filed on 5 September 1938 for a mechanism using hot water pressure instead of steam, a second patent in 1947 for a lever and piston, and in 1948 a company founded with Carlo Ernesto Valente and a first machine. The patents themselves were not opened. It is a company telling its own story, so it is used for dates and not for claims of priority, and it gives no pressure figure.

Last checked October 2026.

Nescafé marks its 75th anniversary — Nestlé

Used for: the maker's own account of when and why Nescafé was launched

Limits: A company press release, read through a page-fetching tool and quoted back. CoffeeHQ uses it for: the launch in Switzerland on 1 April 1938, the roll-out to the United Kingdom two months later and the United States in 1939, and the statement that most wartime production was consumed in three countries. It is a company's account of itself and says nothing about earlier soluble coffees from other makers.

Last checked October 2026.

FreshRoast SR800 tip sheet — Sweet Maria's Coffee

Used for: a retailer's supplement to one home air roaster's manual: ventilation, staying in the room, batch size and chaff

Limits: One page, read in full. Written by a retailer to supplement the maker's manual, which was not opened; it is evidence of a retailer's advice for one air roaster and no more. Its roast times, settings and resting advice are not used.

Last checked October 2026.

United States Patent 4,260,639: Process for the decaffeination of coffee — K. Zosel — Studiengesellschaft Kohle mbH, 1981

Used for: one patented process for removing caffeine from raw coffee with moist carbon dioxide above its critical point

Limits: First read as quotations returned by a page-fetching tool; in a second reading the abstract, description and all fourteen claims were read as the page's full text. The stated conditions are given as preferred, and the worked example runs at about 70 degrees Celsius and 160 atmospheres. A patent describes what its inventor claimed, on a 1970 German priority, with the conditions he stated; it is not a description of how any plant operates today.

Last checked October 2026.

The Swiss Water Process, step by step — Swiss Water Decaffeinated Coffee Inc.

Used for: one company's own description of its water-based decaffeination process

Limits: A company's promotional description of its own process, read through a page-fetching tool on 9 October 2026 and then, in a second reading, as the page's own text. Used only as that company's account of its steps; 'chemical-free' is its wording. The page gives no duration and no figure for caffeine removed, and none is quoted from it.

Last checked October 2026.

United States Patent 4,324,808: Process for preparing freeze dried soluble coffee — Société d'Assistance Technique pour Produits Nestlé SA, 1982

Used for: how soluble coffee is extracted, concentrated, stripped of aroma, frozen, ground and dried under vacuum, as one manufacturer's patent describes it

Limits: First read as quotations returned by a page-fetching tool; in a second reading the description and examples were read as the page's full text. The figures are the conditions this patent states for a typical cycle, with a priority date of 1965; they are not a description of present-day factories, and other manufacturers' conditions differ.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee economy thrives in SW China's Yunnan — People's Daily Online, 2025

Used for: the area under coffee and the output of Yunnan at the end of 2024 as officially stated, the province's stated shares of specialty and processed coffee, prices, and the land designated for specialty coffee

Limits: A short article in the English edition of a state newspaper, read in full. It is the only place CoffeeHQ read the 2024 provincial figures, and it gives them without naming the document they come from or defining its terms: what counts as specialty coffee or as deep processing is not said. It is promotional in tone. Used only for figures it attributes to the province, each labelled as an official statement reported by state media.

Last checked October 2026.

Ivory Coast: A Country Study — Robert E. Handloff (editor) — Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, 1988

Used for: Côte d'Ivoire as it stood in the late 1980s: the colonial labour system, the rise of African planters, coffee growing and its place in the economy, and the stabilisation fund that fixed producer prices

Limits: Read as the text reproduced at countrystudies.us, which credits the Library of Congress and gives the citation as Washington, 1988; the Library's own copy did not open. The pages read in full were the coffee, agriculture, role of government, French rule and Second World War sections; the economy overview was read for its coffee passages. A general handbook written from secondary literature, with no footnotes on the pages read, so each statement is the handbook's summary. Everything it says about coffee is a statement about the 1980s or earlier, and CoffeeHQ dates it as such.

Last checked October 2026.

Agriculture : les prix bord-champs du café et du cacao respectivement fixés à 1700 Fcfa et 2800 Fcfa pour la campagne 2025-2026 — Aboubakar Bamba — Fraternité Matin, 2025

Used for: the farm-gate prices for coffee and cocoa announced by the President of Côte d'Ivoire at the opening of the 2025-26 marketing season

Limits: Read in full, in French. A report in the state-owned daily of a ceremony, not the official decree, which was not found. Used for one figure: the coffee price of 1,700 CFA francs a kilogram announced on 1 October 2025. It does not say what form of coffee the price applies to, or whether the price was changed later in the season.

Last checked October 2026.

Producción ecuatoriana de café está en declive y abastece el 50% de su consumo nacional — Agencia Agraria de Noticias (agraria.pe), 2024

Used for: the Ecuadorian exporters' association's estimates, as quoted by its president and general manager, of national production, domestic demand and the shortfall, and the share of exports that is soluble coffee

Limits: A news agency's article, read in full in Spanish as extracted text. It reports what two officers of the exporters' association said and says itself that there are no reliable figures. Nothing from the association at first hand was opened. Used only for the association's own estimates, attributed to it, and never for a fact about the crop.

Last checked October 2026.

Laos: Increasingly Sustainable Coffee Production — Agence Française de Développement, 2021

Used for: the French development agency's own account of the coffee projects it has funded in Laos since 1998, the producer association and cooperative that came out of them, the coffee board and the 2025 strategy, and its newer work in the northern provinces

Limits: A short news article, read in full as the page's text. It is the funder describing its own programmes, so it is used for dates and names of projects and bodies and not for any judgement of their results. Its statement that coffee was introduced in the 1920s has no source.

Last checked October 2026.

Cameroun : la production de café grimpe à 11 637 tonnes au terme de la campagne 2024-2025 — EcoMatin, 2026

Used for: Cameroon's coffee production in the 2024/25 season as announced by the Ministry of Trade, the prices paid during it, the government's target, and the national board's explanation of the fall a year earlier

Limits: A newspaper report in French, read in full. It reports figures given out by the Ministry of Trade on 14 January 2026; the ministry's own statement was not found. It gives the previous season as 10,562 tonnes, where the same newspaper a year earlier printed 10,953 and the two species it listed add up to 10,593. The figures are production marketed through the official channel, not the crop.

Last checked October 2026.

Campagne caféière 2023-2024 : malgré un repli du volume exporté, le Cameroun génère des recettes de 26,7 milliards de Fcfa — EcoMatin, 2024

Used for: Cameroon's coffee production and exports by species in the 2023/24 season as published by the national board, the number of exporters and their shares, and the board's explanation of the fall

Limits: A newspaper report in French; the part outside its paywall was read, which holds the season's figures. It reports the national board's end-of-season figures; the board's own document was not found. Its national total, 10,953 tonnes, is 360 tonnes more than the two species it lists.

Last checked October 2026.

Over 60% of Cameroon's robusta exports go to Italy, Algeria and Belgium in 2024-25 — Business in Cameroon, 2026

Used for: Cameroon's robusta and arabica production in the 2024/25 season by species, the regions that marketed most of it, and where the robusta was shipped, as published by the national board

Limits: A business news report, read in full. It reports the national board's season data; the board's own document was not found. Its remark that arabica is marginal because of the climate is the reporter's and is not used, and its figure for the 1990s is given without a source.

Last checked October 2026.

Venezuela intenta recuperar su industria cafetera — Voz de América (Voice of America), 2023

Used for: A 2023 news report on Venezuelan coffee: growers turning to specialty coffee, the producers' confederation's figures for the fall in production and the share that is premium, and its account of why most coffee is picked half ripe

Limits: A news report, read in full in Spanish. Its figures are statements by an official of the producers' confederation, quoted without documents, in sacks whose weight is not given. Used only as a dated report of what the confederation said, never as a production statistic.

Last checked October 2026.

Industria cafetalera venezolana apuesta por variedad única — Voz de América, carrying a Reuters report, 2023

Used for: A 2023 news report on Monte Claro, an arabica variety credited to Venezuela's national agricultural research institute, and on the relaxation of price and distribution controls since 2019

Limits: A news agency report, read in full in Spanish. What it says of the variety (forty years of work, registration in 2013, rust tolerance) is the account of the agronomist who led the breeding programme and holds the name; no institute document or registration record was read. Its statements on production and policy are attributed to farm associations.

Last checked October 2026.

An Introductory Guide to the Coffee Sector in the DRC — USAID's Investment Facilitation Activity in the DRC (Chemonics International and CrossBoundary), 2022

Used for: where arabica and robusta grow in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, production and exports, exporters, export routes and costs, taxes, cooperatives, the national agricultural products office, smuggling, domestic consumption and the constraints on the sector

Limits: Read as extracted text from an archived copy, the contractor's own address returning an error: the executive summary, the chapter on the sector, the passage on government institutions and the closing chapter in full; the profiles of individual cooperatives, traders, roasters and lenders were searched, not read through. A guide written for investors by a contractor to a donor, and it reads as one. Its figures are other bodies' (the International Coffee Organization, FAOSTAT, a business federation, interviews); its 51 figures are images. It gives exports for 2019/2020 as 11,000 tonnes in one place and 12,300 in another, prints one yield range with its units reversed, and its statement that exports rose 38 per cent from 2010 to 2019 does not match the Organization's table. Its remarks on taste and altitude are not used.

Last checked October 2026.

From the Shores of Lake Kivu: Specialty Coffee and the Democratic Republic of Congo — Beth Ann Caspersen — Roast magazine, January/February 2016, 2016

Used for: a trade magazine's account of the regulation of Congolese coffee from 1948, the Zairian coffee office of 1972, the occupation of private plantations, the liberalisation of 1984, and the smuggling of coffee across Lake Kivu

Limits: A five-page article by a coffee buyer for a company that purchases Congolese coffee, hosted by that company. The history passage and the passage on Lake Kivu were read as extracted text; the page layout scrambles the order of some sentences. It credits its chart to the national coffee office and gives no source for its dates. It puts the coffee wilt outbreak in the late 1990s, later than a research paper and a donor guide do. Used only for dated institutional events and attributed as a magazine's account.

Last checked October 2026.

Why does Malaysia import most of its coffee beans? Local supply meeting only 33pc of demand, says minister — Bernama, as carried by Malay Mail, 2025

Used for: the agriculture minister's reply in Malaysia's Senate on the area, production and species of the country's coffee in 2024, its bean imports, its self-sufficiency rate and the government's planting programme

Limits: A national news agency's report of an oral parliamentary reply, read in full as downloaded page text. The ministry's own document and the Senate record were not opened. The production figure it reports, 2,861 tonnes, is the same as the official figure in the FAO's file for 2024. Its self-sufficiency rate of 33.2 per cent does not follow from the production and import tonnages in the same reply, and the report does not say how the rate is calculated or whether the production is green coffee or fresh fruit.

Last checked October 2026.

Mardi doing research to produce more coffee variants — Bernama, as carried by Malay Mail, 2023

Used for: the launch of three Liberica clones by Malaysia's agricultural research institute at Kluang in June 2023, and a deputy minister's statement of how little of the country's coffee demand local production meets

Limits: A news agency's report of a speech, read in full as downloaded page text. The institute's own release and any technical description of the clones were not opened. Its demand figures (600,000 kilograms in 2021 and 800,000 in 2022) cannot be reconciled with the import tonnages reported elsewhere and are not used. The statement that the new clones shorten the time to production is the deputy minister's and is reported as his.

Last checked October 2026.

Madagascar: A Country Study (in Indian Ocean: Five Island Countries) — Helen Chapin Metz (editor) — Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, 1994

Used for: Madagascar's economy as it stood in the early 1990s: coffee's export earnings from 1986 to 1992, the end of state-set prices for coffee and cloves, and the structural-adjustment programme

Limits: Read as the text reproduced at countrystudies.us, which credits the Library of Congress; the Library's own copy was not opened. The agricultural production page was read in full and the economy and structural-adjustment pages for their coffee passages. A general handbook with no footnotes on the pages read; the reproduced text dates its data as of 1994. Its word for coffee's 1986 earnings is 'profit', which CoffeeHQ reports as export earnings and says so.

Last checked October 2026.

Les caféiers et les cafés dans le monde, tome 1: Les caféiers — René Coste, with P. Vayssière and H. Barat — Éditions Larose, Paris; digitised by the Institut de recherche pour le développement, 1955

Used for: Where each coffee species was cultivated in Madagascar in the mid-1950s, the Kouillou form of Coffea canephora that made up most east-coast plantations, and the order in which species were planted in French territories

Limits: A large scanned textbook in French, searched for Madagascar and read only in the passages found: the geographical distribution of arabica and canephora, the description of the Kouillou variety and the paragraph on the spread of cultivation in Africa. Its author headed the coffee service of the French colonial research office; every statement is of 1955 or earlier and is dated as such.

Last checked October 2026.

Le café (Coffea canephora et C. arabica): perspectives de développement — Alain Pierre Randrianjohary — Presentation of 4 November 2016, Antananarivo, published among the session documents of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2016

Used for: Madagascar's coffee exports in 2015 by volume, value and destination, coffee's rank among the island's export crops, altitude bands given for each species, and the national marketing committee

Limits: A slide deck in French, read in full from an archived copy because the live address refuses scripts. Slides are notes, not sentences: no figure carries a source beyond a remark that the trade data come from the International Trade Centre and differ between sources. Some slides are plainly wrong on general matters (world shares, the origin of coffee) and none of that is used. Used only for the 2015 export figures, labelled as one presenter's.

Last checked October 2026.

Exportation: la campagne 2026 de café s'effondre — L'Express de Madagascar, 2026

Used for: A newspaper's report that Madagascar exported 852 tonnes of coffee in the first quarter of 2026, citing the national statistics institute's economic dashboard for April 2026, with older figures it gives for 1913, 1998 and 2020

Limits: A news report read in full, in French; the day of publication in May 2026 was not recorded. The statistics institute's dashboard it cites was not opened. Its older figures are unsourced, and it calls 495 tonnes in 2020 'production' where the same paper's report of August 2024 calls the same number exports; CoffeeHQ uses only the 2026 quarter, as the newspaper's report of an official figure.

Last checked October 2026.

Coffee: plantation and market, a Sri Lankan and international perspective (special report) — T. B. Karunaratne (compiler) — Economic Review, February/March 1985, People's Bank, Colombo

Used for: a Sri Lankan account of the rise and fall of the island's nineteenth-century coffee economy, and of the revival of coffee exports from 1973 to 1983 under the International Coffee Agreement, with tables of area by district and of exports

Limits: A scanned magazine in three columns, read as machine-extracted text from the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka's digital library: the introduction and the box on the early coffee economy were read; the columns are interleaved and some figures are broken across lines, so only statements that could be read whole are used and the district table is not. Its publisher is taken from the journal's standing identity, not from a page CoffeeHQ could read. It gives no sources.

Last checked October 2026.

Nepal's coffee paradox: Imports outweigh exports despite local production — Amrit Chimariya — Onlinekhabar English, 2024

Used for: a news report quoting the tea and coffee board's spokesperson on production, exports, imports, consumption and unrecorded imports, and giving Gregorian equivalents for two Nepali fiscal years

Limits: A newspaper article, read in full. Its production, area, export and import figures agree with the board's own table, which is why CoffeeHQ trusts its pairing of the two fiscal years with Gregorian years. The consumption figure (over 2,200 tonnes, from a board survey said to be supported by the International Coffee Organization) and the 1,200 tonnes said to arrive through unofficial channels are the spokesperson's statements as the paper reports them; the survey was not found. Its sentence that 654 hectares of new farms produced the whole crop is confused and is not used. Its remarks on quality and altitude are not used.

Last checked October 2026.

President Ali calls for Guyana's 'unique taste' to be highlighted on global level — Department of Public Information, Guyana, 2023

Used for: the government information service's report of the president's speech at the opening of a coffee-shop chain's first branch in Guyana, in which he called the country 'the land of Liberica' and said the coffee is grown in the Pomeroon

Limits: A government press report of a head of state's speech at a commercial opening, read in full. It is evidence that the government describes the Pomeroon's coffee as Liberica, not a botanical identification or a survey: no agronomic document saying which species is grown was opened. The speech's description of the coffee's taste and its claim about Liberica's share of the world market are not used. A second government report of May 2023, read as republished by a Guyanese high commission, says the agriculture ministry and a regional institute would supply free coffee and cocoa plants to Pomeroon farmers.

Last checked October 2026.

Guyana signs landmark agreement with the Dominican Republic to facilitate large-scale cocoa and coffee production in Region One — Ministry of Agriculture, Guyana, 2025

Used for: the ministry's announcement of an agreement to establish about 200 acres each of coffee and cocoa in Region One, recalling a 2024 presidential announcement of a planned 10,000-acre coffee plantation of Arabica and Liberica

Limits: A ministry press release, read in full. It announces intentions: an agreement signed and a plantation planned. It reports nothing planted or harvested. A 2016 release of the same ministry, also read (agriculture.gov.gy/?p=1892), says a Guyanese company's ground coffee is made from beans grown by Pomeroon farmers and gives no quantity.

Last checked October 2026.

Cuba mantendrá café subsidiado a la población, pero mezclado — Cubadebate, 2011

Used for: the Cuban Ministry of Internal Trade's announcement of May 2011 that rationed coffee would again be blended with roasted peas: the reasons given, the price of the packet, the end of the ration for children under seven, the subsidy, the 2009-10 harvest and the cost and volume of imports

Limits: Read in full in Spanish; a short news item. Cubadebate is a Cuban state news site, and the item is its report, credited to news agencies, of a ministry note that was issued through the newspaper Juventud Rebelde; the note itself was not read. It quotes the note in three places. The harvest figure of 6,000 tonnes and the import figures are given without a named source.

Last checked October 2026.

Ajustar la mezcla y la exigencia — Yudy Castro Morales — Granma, as reproduced by Cubadebate, 2011

Used for: the rationed coffee and pea blend a month after its return: its proportions, where the coffee in it came from, how it compared with the blend sold before 2005, what drinkers said of it, the instructions printed on the packet and how the two Havana roasting plants tested it

Limits: Read in full in Spanish, as Cubadebate reprinted it under its own short introduction; Granma's own page was not opened. Granma is the newspaper of the Cuban Communist Party. Its figures are statements by named managers of the state coffee company and its roasting plants, not published statistics. The statement that pure coffee was sold on the ration from 2005 is made in passing by a plant's quality specialist.

Last checked October 2026.

¿Cómo marcha la producción de café, coco y cacao en Cuba? — Oscar Figueredo Reinaldo and Yunier Javier Sifonte Díaz — Cubadebate, 2019

Used for: what the president of the Ministry of Agriculture's agroforestry business group told a state television programme about Cuban coffee: the provinces that grow it and their shares, the record crop of 1961 and average production by period since, the causes he gave for the fall, the 2018 crop, plans to 2030, imports, the lowland planting programme, research stations, seed banks and co-operation with Vietnam

Limits: Read in full in Spanish. A state news site's written account of a broadcast, the Mesa Redonda; the broadcast was not watched. Every figure is a statement by a named official, in tonnes of green coffee (café oro), and none is a published statistical table: the national statistics office's yearbook could not be reached. The averages are given for periods that do not join up (the 1970s and 1980s, 1990 to 2000, 2002 to 2011). The 2030 target is given as 30,000 tonnes with only two of its parts stated.

Last checked October 2026.

¿Qué pasa con el café en Cuba? Los vericuetos de una ambrosía — Yosdany Morejón Ortega — Cubadebate, 2020

Used for: an interview with the director of the state company Cuba-Café during a shortage: the brands it roasts, the share of its output that goes to the rationed basket, the fall in its activity in 2020 and the start of the harvest

Limits: Read in full in Spanish. One manager's account to a state news site, with one photograph caption giving a plant's monthly output. He attributes the shortage partly to the United States embargo and partly to demand; neither is tested against anything else. No national figure is given.

Last checked October 2026.

Otra fórmula para endulzar el amargo sabor del café — Joel Mayor Lorán and Otoniel Márquez — Cubadebate, 2022

Used for: the losses of Cuba's state coffee-processing companies after the price paid to growers was raised: buying and selling prices for arabica and robusta in 2021, the subsidy approved, what a processing plant does to the coffee, exports from Artemisa and the plants' turn to other products

Limits: Read in full in Spanish. A state news site's feature built on interviews with the managers of three processing companies and one ministry official. Prices are in Cuban pesos a tonne as one company's director stated them, for 2021; the form of the coffee bought and sold is not stated. Its closing lines give national figures (62,000 tonnes a year in the 1960s, 6,000 collected, 8,000 imported) without a source, and they differ from the official's figures in the 2019 account; they are not used.

Last checked October 2026.

Santiago de Cuba se prepara para una cosecha cafetalera de 4 000 toneladas — Granma, as reproduced by Cubadebate, 2024

Used for: Santiago de Cuba province before the 2024 harvest: the pre-harvest estimate and how much of it was arabica, when picking was due to start, which municipalities grow coffee, who pulps and dries it and where it is milled and sorted

Limits: Read in full in Spanish, as Cubadebate reprinted it from Granma; a short news item. Its figures are a provincial agriculture official's pre-harvest estimates, not results, and the item does not say whether the tonnes are of cherry or of green coffee. No account of what was actually harvested was read.

Last checked October 2026.

From Poppy to Coffee: How Thailand Became a Model for Alternative Development — Chutintorn Gongsakdi, Deputy Permanent Secretary — Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand

Used for: the Thai government's own account of opium reduction in the north: the 1958 ban, the Royal Project from 1969 and 1970, the crop-replacement project with the United Nations in 1971, the crops introduced, eradication from 1985 and the fall in poppy cultivation to 2015

Limits: Read in full: a three-page article by a serving official, undated in the copy read. It is the government's account of a programme it presents as a success and gives no sources for its figures. It names arabica coffee as one of more than 150 crops introduced and says nothing of how much of the reduction in poppy any one crop accounts for. No United Nations drug-control document was read beside it.

Last checked October 2026.

De café comercial a especialidad sostenible: la reconversión ecológica del 'robusta' panameño — Mirta Rodríguez P. — La Estrella de Panamá, 2026

Used for: The agriculture ministry's figures for robusta growers and area by province, its estimate of the 2025-2026 harvest, the robusta the country imports, and the national robusta plan presented in January 2025

Limits: A newspaper article, read in full. Its figures are attributed to the agriculture ministry's directorates and to a named official, and the ministry's own documents were not opened, so every figure taken from it is the ministry's as a newspaper reports it. The total of growers and hectares it gives for both species is smaller than the total the same ministry reported for 2021-22 in the FAO study, and the article does not say why.

Last checked October 2026.

JACRA moves to revive High Mountain coffee industry — The Gleaner (Jamaica), 2026

Used for: High Mountain coffee production from 2020-2021 to 2024-2025, credited to the regulator's crop-year production trend report, and a farmer's account of why growers left

Limits: A newspaper article read through a reading tool, which returned its figures and truncated its quotations; the page itself could not be re-fetched. The figures are the regulator's as the newspaper reports them. Its description of High Mountain coffee by an elevation band is the newspaper's and is not in the regulations.

Last checked October 2026.

Jamaica's premium coffee industry runs on $700m of imported beans — The Gleaner (Jamaica), Financial Gleaner, 2026

Used for: Jamaica's coffee imports and exports by value in 2024 and 2025 from United Nations trade data, where imports came from, the shares of the 2024 crop exported to Japan, the United States and China, and the exporters' association on yield per box

Limits: A newspaper article, read in full. The trade values are the newspaper's analysis of United Nations data; the production figures are the exporters' association president's. It gives 300,000 boxes for 2023-24, where the same association gave 224,000 for that crop year in October 2024. It gives one-third of the 2024 crop going to Japan, where the association and the Japanese aid agency say about 70 per cent. The date in the record is taken from the article's address.

Last checked October 2026.

Battered beans — The Gleaner (Jamaica), 2025

Used for: The growers' and exporters' associations and the regulator on the coffee sector after Hurricane Melissa: farm sizes, land titles, tree age, yield per acre and the replanting programme

Limits: A newspaper article, read in full. Every figure is an association president's or an official's statement to a reporter, given without a survey behind it. The date in the record is taken from the article's address.

Last checked October 2026.

Grant calls for utilisation of CREP to boost coffee industry recovery from Hurricane Beryl damage — Jamaica Observer, 2024

Used for: The exporters' association on Blue Mountain cherry production in crop years 2021-22, 2022-23 and 2023-24, the losses to rain and Hurricane Beryl, and the share of the crop exported to Japan

Limits: A newspaper article, read in full. Its figures are the exporters' association's, not the regulator's. It says production fell by 61,000 boxes, or 21 per cent, to 224,000 from 288,000; those two figures differ by 64,000. Both are recorded.

Last checked October 2026.

AFD and Agriculture in Angola — Agence Française de Développement

Used for: a development agency's summary of its own agricultural projects in Angola, including a coffee value-chain project financed with nine million euros delegated by the European Union

Limits: A four-page leaflet, read in full; the coffee passage is two short paragraphs. The funder's own description of its project, written to present it. It carries no date; the file path is dated February 2023. Its two production figures (220,000 tonnes in 1973 and 6,000 in 2021) and its statement that Angola was among the four largest exporters until 1980 are given without a source, and the last sits oddly with export figures that fell from 1975. It reports no result of the project.

Last checked October 2026.

Recovering Lost Livelihoods: The case of smallholder plantation crops in Zimbabwe — Elton Mudyazvivi — SNV Netherlands Development Organisation, 2011

Used for: the decline of smallholder tea and coffee in Zimbabwe's Honde Valley between the 1990s and 2010, the volume one coffee mill handled in 1993 and 2010, and a project begun in October 2010 to bring smallholders back to both crops

Limits: A five-page case study, read in full. Written by the development organisation that ran the project it describes, midway through it, to present the work: its account of results is promotional and none of its figures carries a source. Its statement on the cause of the decline is one sentence. The mill's 15,000 tonnes in 1993 is what one company processed and marketed, not a national production figure, though it is close to one. The year is recorded from the footer, 'Case Studies 2011'.

Last checked October 2026.

Reviving Zimbabwe's coffee industry — Daisy Jeremani — SWI swissinfo.ch, 2023

Used for: a news feature on smallholder coffee in Zimbabwe's Honde Valley: a roasting company's programme with a non-governmental organisation, what it pays, the government's 2018 coffee strategy, output before 2000 and in the early 2020s, and the share of export earnings growers must surrender to the central bank

Limits: Journalism from a Swiss public broadcaster, read in full. Its production figures (an average of 15,000 tonnes a year until the early 2000s; about 500 tonnes a year now) are given without a source. The investment figures are the roasting company's own statements, and the article notes the company did not say what it had spent in Zimbabwe. It attributes the collapse to the evictions of large-scale farmers from 2000 in its own voice. Its remarks comparing arabica and robusta are not used.

Last checked October 2026.

Basic V60 brew guide — Hario UK

Used for: the brand's UK site's simple recipe for one cup in a size 02 dripper

Limits: A brew guide on the brand's UK retail site, read through a page-fetching tool on 2026-10-10 with the steps quoted back. CoffeeHQ uses it as one labelled starting point: 15 g of coffee to 250 ml of water in a size 02 dripper, the paper soaked first, a wetting of the grounds and a wait of about thirty seconds, then the rest poured slowly in small circles. It gives no water temperature as a figure and no advice on adjusting. It is a retailer's page for one size.

Last checked October 2026.

V60 paper filters for size 01, 02 and 03 drippers: product pages — Hario USA

Used for: the cup capacities the brand's US site states for its three filter sizes

Limits: Three product pages on the brand's US retail site, seen on 2026-10-10: the size 01 page through a page-fetching tool with its sentence quoted back, and the size 02 and 03 pages first as search-result excerpts and then opened by a second reader, who found each sentence on its page (the size 02 page is at /products/copy-of-paper-filter-for-01-drippers). CoffeeHQ uses them for one statement: that the brand describes size 01 as one to two cups, 02 as one to four and 03 as one to six. A seller's description, with no definition of a cup.

Last checked October 2026.

Cup-One: product page — Moccamaster

Used for: what the maker's own product page says about its one-cup filter machine

Limits: The maker's European product page, downloaded and read as text on 2026-10-10. Used for: a capacity of 0.33 litres, one cup; No. 1 filter bags; the maker's statement of a full mug in four minutes; and automatic switch-off after ten minutes. It is a sales page and not the manual. The manual linked from the maker's support page is a scanned document with no text layer; it has its own record. The two differ on the switch-off: this page says after ten minutes, the manual says once the water has run through.

Last checked October 2026.

Cold Brew Coffee Filter-in Bottle: product page — Hario Europe

Used for: the materials, capacity and short method the brand's European site gives for the same bottle

Limits: The brand's European product page, downloaded and read as text on 2026-10-10. Used for: heatproof glass bottle, polyester filter, polypropylene strainer, silicone rubber spout and stopper; a brewed volume of 650 ml described as five cups; and the short method ending in 'refrigerate your drink for approximately 8 hours'. The brand's UK site describes the same bottle with a range of 8 to 24 hours; the two are reported as the brand's own examples.

Last checked October 2026.